School of Biosciences

Protecting flagship endangered species in Borneo

The Bornean rainforest is a crucial enclave for endangered wildlife, under threat from habitat loss and poaching. Using their expertise in mapping habitats, researchers at Cardiff's Danau Girang Field Centre (DGFC) determined how the Bornean elephant, Bornean banteng, proboscis monkey and Sunda clouded leopard use fragmented forest in Sabah. This led to new, state-backed conservation measures and investment to protect these four key species.

Funding for forest recovery and replanting

The DGFC's research provided critical evidence that new approaches to forest management were needed to safeguard all four species. Together with Sabah Wildlife Department (the key government authority for wildlife protection), they created State Action Plans outlining key steps to support each species. Their recommendations included:

improving landscape connectivity
working with NGOs, the palm oil industry and local communities to recover underproductive palm oil plantations and return them to forest suitable for Bornean elephants and other species
preventing the loss of any suitable habitat (open grassy and sedge areas and forest shade) for Bornean bantengs and developing and maintaining pastures within the range of existing herds
increasing mangrove and riparian forest areas suitable for proboscis monkeys
halting loss and degradation of habitats used by Sunda clouded leopards (such as forest canopy cover)

The Sabah Government invested £7 million over a ten-year period to carry out these steps, and began the first phase of reforestation in 2019, planting a million trees on over 4,000 hectares of degraded forest. Meanwhile, the DGFC team is working with the local community to replant forest, along with its partner KOPEL Bhd, an NGO (non-governmental organisation) representing four local villages and supporting sustainable livelihoods.

The Action Plans also serve as a framework for replanting by other NGOs and the government. In 2020, the Rhino and Forest Fund and the Sabah Wildlife Department bought a 65 hectare oil palm plantation to replant. This will reconnect two key areas of protected forest and benefit Bornean elephants and bantengs.

“DGFC has been instrumental in advocating and providing data for rare species action plans, particularly charismatic megafauna such as clouded leopards, banteng and proboscis monkeys.”

Wildlife Impact Evaluation Report

Protection against poaching

The Sabah Forestry Department is home to the Protect Team, which monitors two million hectares of protected conservation areas and aims to reduce illegal forestry activities and encroachment on forest reserves, poaching and wildlife trafficking.

In June 2019, as a result of the enforcement recommendations in the Action Plans, the Sime Darby Foundation awarded £750,000 to the Protect Team. The 25 new rangers and crime analyst employed as a result boosted the Team's capacity to reduce poaching, especially within the forest reserves.

A further £750,000, awarded by the US State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, funded a new Sabah Wildlife Department Intelligence Unit. Through the creation of a new wildlife genetic forensic lab, and a wildlife crime database, the unit will be able to supply international agencies with details of illegally trafficked animals or forest goods.

In 2020 alone, 200 enforcement operations were carried out, resulting in approximately 70 arrests, successful prosecutions for possession of elephant tusks and the confiscation of £560,000 worth of illegally-obtained forest products.

How they did it

The DGFC researchers analysed the spatial ecology of the four endangered animals. Using camera traps, satellite, GPS telemetry tracking and LiDAR technology, as well as drones, they were able to model how each species used the forest. This provided evidence that protecting both mature and degraded forest, as well as replanting trees to make wildlife corridors (allowing animals to move between segments of existing forest) were all fundamental to their survival.

Successful campaigning for sensitive land development

Cardiff’s research into the Bornean elephant’s movements led Professor Goossens, as DGFC Director, to campaign strongly against the planned construction of a bridge over the Sukau river, which would further fragment the elephant’s habitat. This campaign raised the profile of the issue, attracting Sir David Attenborough’s support, and as a result, the bridge was scrapped.

Based on DGFC’s research data, and following advice from Coalition 3H (Humans, Habitats, Highways), an alternative route for the Pan Borneo Highway is now being considered by the Sabah government. The Highway was due to cross mangrove forest reserves which the Cardiff team had identified as the last remaining habitat of the proboscis monkey, as well as forest reserves critical for the Bornean elephant and Sunda clouded leopard. Building the Highway in those areas would have damaged these important habitats and led to a decline in the endangered species.

Key facts

Bornean elephants are classified as endangered by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened Species. It's estimated there are between 1,000-1,600 left in Sabah.
The Bornean banteng is a species of wild cattle endemic to Borneo. It's the most endangered large mammal in Sabah, which is believed to be its last stronghold.
The Sunda clouded leopard is one of the world’s rarest and least-studied big cats. Sabah is home to 750 individuals.

Meet the team

Key contacts

Professor Benoît Goossens

: goossensbr@cardiff.ac.uk
: +60 (0)12 8364 005

Partners

Publications

Lim, H. Y. et al., 2021. Identifying habitat and understanding movement resistance for the Endangered Bornean banteng Bos javanicus lowi in Sabah, Malaysia. Oryx 55 (1), pp.122-130. (10.1017/S0030605318001126)
Kaszta, Z. et al., 2019. Integrating Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi) conservation into development and restoration planning in Sabah (Borneo). Biological Conservation 235 (10.1016/j.biocon.2019.04.001)
Hearn, A. J. et al., 2018. Evaluating scenarios of landscape change for Sunda clouded leopard connectivity in a human dominated landscape. Biological Conservation 222 , pp.232-240. (10.1016/j.biocon.2018.04.016)
Evans, L. , Asner, G. P. and Goossens, B. 2018. Protected area management priorities crucial for the future of Bornean elephants. Biological Conservation 221 , pp.365-373. (10.1016/j.biocon.2018.03.015)
Gardner, P. et al. 2018. Spatial and temporal behavioural responses of wild cattle to tropical forest degradation. PLoS ONE 13 (4) e0195444. (10.1371/journal.pone.0195444)
Stark, D. et al. 2018. Combining drones and satellite tracking as an effective tool for informing policy change in riparian habitats: a proboscis monkey case study. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 4 (1), pp.44-52. (10.1002/rse2.51)