Yr Athro Lynne Boddy
Professor
- boddyl@cardiff.ac.uk
- +44 (0)29 2087 4776
- Adeilad Syr Martin Evans, Rhodfa'r Amgueddfa, Caerdydd, CF10 3AX
Trosolwg
Research
I am a decomposition ecologist / fungal ecologist, particularly fascinated by the activities of the mycelia of woodland fungi. I have researched the ecology of wood decomposition and wood decay fungi since the mid-1970s. I have pioneered work on the fungal community structure and dynamics in wood. My team has investigated the outcome of fungal interactions, how these change depending on biotic and abiotic factors, and have used this information to explain patterns of fungal community structure and development. A deeper understanding of interactions has come from studying gene expression during interspecific interactions and production of volatile and diffusible organic compounds during mycelial interactions. We have revealed the foraging ecology, network architecture and key roles of cord-forming basidiomycetes in nutrient translocation and wood decay in forest ecosystems, and made major advances in understanding the effects of invertebrate grazing on these processes. Recent work has revealed major phenological trends in fungal fruiting and distribution, with major implications for mycelial activity and ecosystem functioning. We are currently focussing on decay communities in the centre of veteran trees, ash dieback and climate change.
Education and Outreach
For many people, when fungi are mentioned their first reaction is "can I eat it or will it kill me?" or "yuk! How can we get rid of them?; they rot our food and homes, kill our plants and even sometimes grow on us". I am determined to change this view, since without fungi the terrestrial ecosystems of planet Earth would not work. There is very much more to them than just the fruit bodies that reveal themselves occasionally. Hence, I am an ardent communicator of the mysteries and importance of the amazing hidden Kingdom of Fungi to students and to the general public, both in the UK and internationally, including TV and radio programmes, popular talks, videos, films, articles, books, shows and exhibitions.
Bywgraffiad
I am Professor of Fungal Ecology at Cardiff University UK, where I have worked since 1983. Prior to this I was a post doc at Bath University, I did my PhD at Queen Mary College, London University, and was an undergraduate at the University of Exeter. I have taught and researched into the ecology of fungi associated with trees and wood decomposition for over 40 years. I am currently studying: the fascinating communities of fungi and other organisms that rot the centres of old trees; the ash dieback fungus that is rampaging across the UK from Europe; the ways in which fungi fight each other and form communities; how fungi search the forest floor for food resources and respond to their finds; interactions between fungi and invertebrates; and how climate change is affecting fungi. I have co-authored the books “Fungal Decomposition of Wood” and “The Fungi”, and most recently (early 2021) I have written “Fungi and Trees: their Complex Relationships”. I have edited five books, written about 300 scientific papers, and am chief editor of the journal Fungal Ecology.
I am an ardent communicator of fungal science not only to students but also to a wider audience, by giving talks, short courses, participating in biology/nature events and through the media. Events have included UK Fungus Day (which we are hoping to expand to International Fungus Day), Soap Box science, and the RHS Chelsea Flower show, at which, I was a prime mover with the British Mycological Society Gold Medal winning exhibit "Out of sight out of mind" in 2009. As well as being a hit with the judges, the display received wide acclaim from the public, including the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall, and had a few minutes on prime-time BBC TV. This success was followed by a large exhibition on "Amazing Fungi" which ran for 4 months at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 2010, and then for several years at the National Botanic Garden of Wales, where it was viewed by several hundred thousand visitors. Coinciding with the start of this exhibition, we published for a general audience "From Another Kingdom", which is RBGEs best-selling book.
I have spoken about fungi in numerous Radio and TV programmes and film documentaries, including: Radio 4 Farming Today, Saving Species, Living World, Forum, Radio 4 ‘Life Scientific, ‘In our time with Melvyn Bragg’, ‘The curious cases of Rutherford and Fry’, BBC World Service programmes, Radio Wales, BBC TV ' Afterlife', 'Great British Food Revival', 'The One Show' and Chanel 4's 'Sunday Brunch', and BBC1 ‘Trees’ with Judi Dench. I also participated in the award winning French produced film "Will fungi help save the world?" first shown on the European cultural television channel 'Arte' in Autumn 2013, and the 2018 award winning documentary “The Kingdom”. I am an active member of the British Mycological Society, of which I was president in 2009/10; I have organized, on their behalf, many conferences/events not only for academics but also for the wider public.
My contributions have been recognized by the award of an MBE in the Queen’s Birthday Honours list in 2019 for Services to Mycology and Science Outreach. I received the British Mycological Society (BMS) Berkeley Award in 1989, the Microbiology Society Fleming Award in 1991, the European Mycological Association outstanding achievement award in 2015, The British Ecological Society Marsh Award in 2016, The Frances Hoggan Medal of the Learned Society of Wales in 2018, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Abertay in 2018. I am a fellow of the Learned Society of Wales (2011) and of the Royal Society of Biology (2013).
Cyhoeddiadau
2024
- Attrill, G., Boddy, L., Dudley, E., Greenfield, B. and Eastwood, D. 2024. Transcriptomic and protein analysis of Trametes versicolor interacting with a Hypholoma fasciculare mycelium foraging in soil. Fungal Ecology 72, article number: 101385. (10.1016/j.funeco.2024.101385)
- Journeaux, K. L., Boddy, L., Rowland, L. and Hartley, I. P. 2024. A positive feedback to climate change: The effect of temperature on the respiration of key wood‐decomposing fungi does not decline with time. Global Change Biology 30(3), article number: e17212. (10.1111/gcb.17212)
- Pyne, E. J., Gilmartin, E. C. and Boddy, L. 2024. Fungal communities in veteranised oak branches are not a replacement for naturally occurring dead wood communities. Arboricultural Journal 46(1), pp. 4-21. (10.1080/03071375.2023.2287326)
2023
- Rustøen, F., Høiland, K., Heegaard, E., Boddy, L., Gange, A. C., Kauserud, H. and Andrew, C. 2023. Substrate affinities of wood decay fungi are foremost structured by wood properties not climate. Fungal Ecology 63, article number: 101231. (10.1016/j.funeco.2023.101231)
- Lunde, L. F., Boddy, L., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Jacobsen, R. M., Kauserud, H. and Birkemoe, T. 2023. Beetles provide directed dispersal of viable spores of a keystone wood decay fungus.. Fungal Ecology 63, pp. 1-7., article number: 101232. (10.1016/j.funeco.2023.101232)
2022
- Bässler, C. et al. 2022. European mushroom assemblages are phylogenetically structured by temperature. Ecography 2022, article number: e06206. (10.1111/ecog.06206)
- Newsham, K. K., Misiak, M., Goodall-Copestake, W. P., Dahl, M. S., Boddy, L., Hopkins, D. W. and Davey, M. L. 2022. Experimental warming increases fungal alpha diversity in an oligotrophic maritime Antarctic soil. Frontiers in Microbiology 13, article number: 1050372. (10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050372)
- Gilmartin, E. C., Jusino, M. A., Pyne, E. J., Banik, M. T., Lindner, D. L. and Boddy, L. 2022. Fungal endophytes and origins of decay in beech (Fagus sylvatica) sapwood. Fungal Ecology 59, article number: 101161. (10.1016/j.funeco.2022.101161)
- Lunde, L. F., Jacobsen, R., Kauserud, H., Boddy, L., Nybakken, L., Sverdrup-hygeson, A. and Birkemoe, T. 2022. Legacies of invertebrate exclusion and tree secondary metabolites control fungal communities in dead wood. Molecular Ecology 31(11), pp. 3241-3253. (10.1111/mec.16448)
- Lunde, L. F. et al. 2022. DNA metabarcoding reveals host-specific communities of arthropods residing in fungal fruit bodies. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289(1968), article number: 20212622. (10.1098/rspb.2021.2622)
- Rawlings, A. et al. 2022. Metabolic responses of two pioneer wood decay fungi to diurnally cycling temperature. Journal of Ecology 110(1), pp. 68-79. (10.1111/1365-2745.13716)
- Wainhouse, M. and Boddy, L. 2022. Making hollow trees: inoculating living trees with wood-decay fungi for the conservation of threatened taxa - a guide for conservationists. Global Ecology and Conservation 33, article number: e01967. (10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01967)
- Aguilar-Trigueros, C. A., Boddy, L., Rillig, M. C. and Fricker, M. D. 2022. Network traits predict ecological strategies in fungi. ISME Communications 2(1), article number: 2. (10.1038/s43705-021-00085-1)
2021
- Cuff, J. P., Windsor, F. M., Gilmartin, E. C., Boddy, L. and Jones, H. T. 2021. Influence of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) rot hole habitat characteristics on invertebrate community structure and diversity. Journal of Insect Science 21(5), article number: 7. (10.1093/jisesa/ieab071)
- Aleklett, K. and Boddy, L. 2021. Fungal behaviour: a new frontier in behavioural ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 36(9), pp. 787-796. (10.1016/j.tree.2021.05.006a)
- O'Leary, J. et al. 2021. Space and patchiness affects diversity-function relationships in fungal decay communities. ISME Journal 15, pp. 720-731. (10.1038/s41396-020-00808-7)
- Misiak, M. et al. 2021. Inhibitory effects of climate change on the growth and extracellular enzyme activities of a widespread Antarctic soil fungus. Global Change Biology 27(5), pp. 1111-1125. (10.1111/gcb.15456)
- Cuff, J., Muller, C. T., Gilmartin, E. C., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2021. Home is where the heart rot is: violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821), habitat attributes and volatiles. Insect Conservation and Diversity 14(1), pp. 155-162., article number: Volume14, Issue1 January 2021 Pages 155-162. (10.1111/icad.12441)
2020
- Edwards, D., Axe, L., Morris, J. L., Boddy, L. and Selden, P. 2020. Further evidence for fungivory in the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of the Welsh Borderland, UK. PalZ. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 94, pp. 603-618. (10.1007/s12542-019-00503-9)
- Kiziridis, D. A., Boddy, L., Eastwood, D. C., Yuan, C. and Fowler, M. S. 2020. Incorporating alternative interaction modes, forbidden links and trait-based mechanisms increases the minimum trait dimensionality of ecological networks. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 11(12), pp. 1663-1672. (10.1111/2041-210X.13493)
- Fukasawa, Y., Gilmartin, E. C., Savoury, M. and Boddy, L. 2020. Inoculum volume effects on competitive outcome and wood decay rate of brown- and white-rot basidiomycetes. Fungal Ecology 45, article number: 100938. (10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100938)
- Christofides, S. R., Bettridge, A., Farewell, D., Weightman, A. J. and Boddy, L. 2020. The influence of migratory Paraburkholderia on growth and competition of wood-decay fungi. Fungal Ecology 45, article number: 100937. (10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100937)
- Nordén, J. et al. 2020. Ten principles for conservation translocations of threatened wood-inhabiting fungi. Fungal Ecology 44, article number: 100919. (10.1016/j.funeco.2020.100919)
- Fukasawa, Y., Savoury, M. and Boddy, L. 2020. Ecological memory and relocation decisions in fungal mycelial networks: responses to quantity and location of new resources. ISME Journal 14, pp. 380-388. (10.1038/s41396-019-0536-3)
2019
- Christofides, S. R., Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Boddy, L. and Weightman, A. J. 2019. Fungal control of early-stage bacterial community development in decomposing wood. Fungal Ecology 42, article number: 100868. (10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100868)
- Kolesidis, D. A., Boddy, L., Eastwood, D. C., Yuan, C. and Fowler, M. S. 2019. Predicting fungal community dynamics driven by competition for space. Fungal Ecology 41, pp. 13-22. (10.1016/j.funeco.2019.04.003)
- Gange, A. et al. 2019. Multiscale patterns of rarity in British fungi, inferred from fruiting records. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28(8), pp. 1106-1117. (10.1111/geb.12918)
- O'Leary, J. et al. 2019. The whiff of decay: Linking volatile production and extracellular enzymes to outcomes of fungal interactions at different temperatures. Fungal Ecology 39, pp. 336-348. (10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.006)
- Krah, F. et al. 2019. European mushroom assemblages are darker in cold climates. Nature Communications 10, article number: 2890. (10.1038/s41467-019-10767-z)
- Andrew, C. et al. 2019. Open-source data reveal how collections?based fungal diversity is sensitive to global change. Applications in Plant Sciences 7(3), pp. e01227. (10.1002/aps3.1227)
- Dawson, S. K. et al. 2019. Handbook for the measurement of macrofungal functional traits; a start with basidiomycete wood fungi. Functional Ecology 33(3), pp. 372-387. (10.1111/1365-2435.13239)
- Johnston, S., Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Boddy, L. and Weightman, A. 2019. Highly competitive fungi manipulate bacterial communities in decomposing beech wood (Fagus sylvativa). FEMS Microbiology Ecology 95(2) (10.1093/femsec/fiy225)
2018
- Andrew, C. et al. 2018. Explaining European fungal fruiting phenology with climate variability. Ecology 99(6), pp. 1306-1315. (10.1002/ecy.2237)
- Andrew, C. et al. 2018. Continental-scale macrofungal assemblage patterns correlate with climate, soil carbon and nitrogen deposition. Journal of Biogeography 45(8), pp. 1942-1953. (10.1111/jbi.13374)
- O'Leary, J., Eastwood, D., Muller, C. and Boddy, L. 2018. Emergent properties arising from spatial heterogeneity influence fungal community dynamics. Fungal Ecology 33, pp. 32-39. (10.1016/j.funeco.2018.02.001)
- Boddy, L., Crowther, T. W. and Maynard, D. S. 2018. The use of artificial media in fungal ecology. Fungal Ecology 32, pp. 87-91. (10.1016/j.funeco.2017.10.007)
- Andrew, C. et al. 2018. Congruency in fungal phenology patterns across dataset sources and scales. Fungal Ecology 32, pp. 9-17. (10.1016/j.funeco.2017.11.009)
- Balasundaram, S. V. et al. 2018. The fungus that came in from the cold: dry rot’s pre-adapted ability to invade buildings. ISME Journal 12, pp. 791-801. (10.1038/s41396-017-0006-8)
- Hiscox, J., O'Leary, J. and Boddy, L. 2018. Fungus wars: basidiomycete battles in wood decay. Studies in Mycology 89, pp. 117-124. (10.1016/j.simyco.2018.02.003)
- Moody, S. C., Dudley, E., Hiscox, J., Boddy, L. and Eastwood, D. C. 2018. Interdependence of primary metabolism and xenobiotic mitigation characterizes the proteome of Bjerkandera adusta during wood decomposition. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84(2), pp. e01401-e01417. (10.1128/AEM.01401-17)
- Gange, A. C. et al. 2018. Trait-dependent distributional shifts in fruiting of common British fungi. Ecography 41(1), pp. 51-61. (10.1111/ecog.03233)
2017
- Heegaard, E. et al. 2017. Fine-scale spatiotemporal dynamics of fungal fruiting: prevalence, amplitude, range and continuity. Ecography 40(8), pp. 947-959. (10.1111/ecog.02256)
- Fricker, M. D., Heaton, L. L. M., Jones, N. S. and Boddy, L. 2017. The Mycelium as a network. Microbiology Spectrum 5(3) (10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0033-2017)
- Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Selin, T., Kingscott-Edmunds, J., Bettridge, A., Nasra, A. W. and Boddy, L. 2017. Threesomes destabilise certain relationships: multispecies interactions between wood decay fungi in natural resources. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 93(3), article number: fix014. (10.1093/femsec/fix014)
- Andrew, C. et al. 2017. Big data integration: Pan-European fungal species observations' assembly for addressing contemporary questions in ecology and global change biology. Fungal Biology Reviews 31(2), pp. 88-98. (10.1016/j.fbr.2017.01.001)
- Hiscox, J. and Boddy, L. 2017. Armed and dangerous - chemical warfare in wood decay communities. Fungal Biology Reviews 31, pp. 169-184.
2016
- Boddy, L. and Hiscox, J. 2016. Fungal ecology: principles and mechanisms of colonization and competition by saprotrophic fungi. Microbiology Spectrum 4(6), article number: 19. (10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0019-2016)
- Johnston, S., Boddy, L. and Weightman, A. 2016. Bacteria in decomposing wood and their interactions with wood-decay fungi. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 92(11), article number: fiw179. (10.1093/femsec/fiw179)
- Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Johnston, S. R., Parfitt, D., Muller, C. T., Rogers, H. J. and Boddy, L. 2016. Location, location, location: priority effects in wood decay communities may vary between sites. Environmental Microbiology 18(6), pp. 1954-1969. (10.1111/1462-2920.13141)
- Hiscox, J. et al. 2016. Effects of pre-colonisation and temperature on interspecific fungal interactions in wood. Fungal Ecology 21, pp. 32-42. (10.1016/j.funeco.2016.01.011)
- Bärlocher, F. and Boddy, L. 2016. Aquatic fungal ecology – how does it differ from terrestrial?. Fungal Ecology 19, pp. 5-13. (10.1016/j.funeco.2015.09.001)
- El Ariebi, N., Hiscox, J., Scriven, S. A., Muller, C. T. and Boddy, L. 2016. Production and effects of volatile organic compounds during interspecific interactions. Fungal Ecology 20, pp. 144-154. (10.1016/j.funeco.2015.12.013)
- Boddy, L. 2016. Fungi, ecosystems, and global change. In: Watkinson, S. C., Money, N. and Boddy, L. eds. The Fungi (Third Edition). Elsevier, pp. 361-400., (10.1016/B978-0-12-382034-1.00011-6)
- Boddy, L. 2016. Pathogens of autotrophs. In: Watkinson, S. C., Money, N. and Boddy, L. eds. The Fungi. Academic Press, pp. 245-292., (10.1016/B978-0-12-382034-1.00008-6)
- Boddy, L. 2016. Genetics - variation, sexuality, and evolution. In: Watkinson, S. C., Money, N. and Boddy, L. eds. The Fungi (Third Edition). Elsevier, pp. 99-139., (10.1016/B978-0-12-382034-1.00004-9)
- Boddy, L. 2016. Interactions between fungi and other microbes. In: Watkinson, S. C., Money, N. and Boddy, L. eds. The Fingi. Academic Press, pp. 337-360., (10.1016/B978-0-12-382034-1.00010-4)
2015
- Watkinson, S. C., Boddy, L. and Money, N. P. 2015. The fungi. Academic Press.
- Boddy, L. 2015. Interactions with humans and other animals. In: Watkinson, S. C., Money, N. and Boddy, L. eds. The Fungi. Academic Press, pp. 293-336., (10.1016/B978-0-12-382034-1.00009-8)
- Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Vaughan, I. P., Muller, C. and Boddy, L. 2015. Antagonistic fungal interactions influence carbon dioxide evolution from decomposing wood. Fungal Ecology 14, pp. 24-32. (10.1016/j.funeco.2014.11.001)
- Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Muller, C. T., Lindahl, B. D., Rogers, H. J. and Boddy, L. 2015. Priority effects during fungal community establishment in beech wood. ISME Journal 9, pp. 2246-2260. (10.1038/ismej.2015.38)
- Heilmann-Clausen, J. et al. 2015. A fungal perspective on conservation biology. Conservation Biology 29(1), pp. 61-68. (10.1111/cobi.12388)
2014
- Boddy, L. 2014. Soils of war. New Scientist 224(2999), pp. 42-45. (10.1016/S0262-4079(14)62405-2)
- A'Bear, A. D., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2014. Size matters: what have we learnt from microcosm studies of decomposer fungus-invertebrate interactions?. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 78, pp. 274-283. (10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.08.009)
- A'Bear, A. D., Boddy, L., Kandeler, E., Ruess, L. and Jones, T. H. 2014. Effects of isopod population density on woodland decomposer microbial community function. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 77, pp. 112-120. (10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.031)
- Boddy, L. et al. 2014. Climate variation effects on fungal fruiting. Fungal Ecology 10, pp. 20-33. (10.1016/j.funeco.2013.10.006)
- A'Bear, A. D., Jones, T. H., Kandeler, E. and Boddy, L. 2014. Interactive effects of temperature and soil moisture on fungal-mediated wood decomposition and extracellular enzyme activity. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 70, pp. 151-158. (10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.017)
- Leake, J., Johnson, D., Donnelly, D., Muckle, G., Boddy, L. and Read, D. 2014. Erratum: Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. Botany 92(1), pp. 83. (10.1139/cjb-2013-0290)
2013
- Crowther, T. et al. 2013. Top-down control of soil fungal community composition by a globally distributed keystone consumer. Ecology 94(11), pp. 2518-2528. (10.1890/13-0197.1)
- A'Bear, A. D., Murray, W., Webb, R., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2013. Contrasting Effects of Elevated Temperature and Invertebrate Grazing Regulate Multispecies Interactions between Decomposer Fungi. PLoS ONE 8(10), article number: e77610. (10.1371/journal.pone.0077610)
- A'Bear, A. D. et al. 2013. Localised invertebrate grazing moderates the effect of warming on competitive fungal interactions. Fungal Ecology 6(2), pp. 137-140. (10.1016/j.funeco.2013.01.001)
- Kauserud, H. et al. 2013. Reply to Gange et al.: Climate-driven changes in the fungal fruiting season in the United Kingdom. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110(5), pp. E335-E335. (10.1073/pnas.1221131110)
- A'Bear, A. D., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2013. Bottom-up determination of soil collembola diversity and population dynamics in response to interactive climatic factors. Oecologia 173(3), pp. 1083-1087. (10.1007/s00442-013-2662-3)
- A'Bear, A. D., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2013. Potential impacts of climate change on interactions among saprotrophic cord-forming fungal mycelia and grazing soil invertebrates. Fungal Ecology 10, pp. 34-43. (10.1016/j.funeco.2013.01.009)
2012
- Gange, A. C., Gange, E. G., Mohammad, A. B. and Boddy, L. 2012. Fungal host shifts: bias or biology?. Fungal Ecology 5(5), pp. 647-650. (10.1016/j.funeco.2011.12.011)
- Kauserud, H. et al. 2012. Warming-induced shift in European mushroom fruiting phenology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109(36), pp. 14488-14493. (10.1073/pnas.1200789109)
- Crowther, T., Littleboy, A., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2012. Interactive effects of warming and invertebrate grazing on the outcomes of competitive fungal interactions. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 81(2), pp. 419-426. (10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01364.x)
- A'Bear, A. D., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2012. Impacts of elevated temperature on the growth and functioning of decomposer fungi are influenced by grazing collembola. Global Change Biology 18(6), pp. 1823-1832. (10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02637.x)
- Crittenden, P. D., Ellis, C. J., Vogt, K. A. and Boddy, L. 2012. Fungi and global change [Editorial]. Fungal Ecology 5(1), pp. 1-2. (10.1016/j.funeco.2011.11.001)
- Crowther, T., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2012. Functional and ecological consequences of saprotrophic fungus-grazer interactions. ISME Journal 6(11), pp. 1992-2001. (10.1038/ismej.2012.53)
- Heaton, L., Obara, B., Grau, V., Jones, N., Nakagaki, T., Boddy, L. and Fricker, M. D. 2012. Analysis of fungal networks. Fungal Biology Reviews 26(1), pp. 12-29. (10.1016/j.fbr.2012.02.001)
2011
- Tordoff, G. M., Chamberlain, P., Crowther, T., Black, H., Jones, T. H., Stott, A. and Boddy, L. 2011. Invertebrate grazing affects nitrogen partitioning in the saprotrophic fungus Phanerochaete velutina. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43(11), pp. 2338-2346. (10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.07.005)
- Crowther, T., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2011. Outcomes of fungal interactions are determined by soil invertebrate grazers. Ecology Letters 14(11), pp. 1134-1142. (10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01682.x)
- Crowther, T., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2011. Species-specific effects of grazing invertebrates on mycelial emergence and growth from woody resources into soil. Fungal Ecology 4(5), pp. 333-341. (10.1016/j.funeco.2011.05.001)
- Crowther, T., Jones, T. H., Boddy, L. and Baldrian, P. 2011. Invertebrate grazing determines enzyme production by basidiomycete fungi. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 43(10), pp. 2060-2068. (10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.06.003)
- Šnajdr, J., Dobiášová, P., Větrovský, T., Valášková, V., Alawi, A., Boddy, L. and Baldrian, P. 2011. Saprotrophic basidiomycete mycelia and their interspecific interactions affect the spatial distribution of extracellular enzymes in soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 78(1), pp. 80-90. (10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01123.x)
- Gange, A., Gange, E., Mohammad, A. and Boddy, L. 2011. Host shifts in fungi caused by climate change?. Fungal Ecology 4(2), pp. 184-190. (10.1016/j.funeco.2010.09.004)
- Boddy, L., Crockatt, M. E. and Ainsworth, A. M. 2011. Ecology of Hericium cirrhatum, H. coralloides and H. erinaceus in the UK. Fungal Ecology 4(2), pp. 163-173. (10.1016/j.funeco.2010.10.001)
- Kauserud, H., Heegaard, E., Halvorsen, R., Boddy, L., Hoiland, K. and Stenseth, N. C. 2011. Mushroom's spore size and time of fruiting are strongly related: is moisture important?. Biology Letters 7(2), pp. 273-276. (10.1098/rsbl.2010.0820)
- Rotheray, T. D., Chancellor, M. G., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2011. Grazing by collembola affects the outcome of interspecific mycelial interactions of cord-forming basidiomycetes. Fungal Ecology 4(1), pp. 42-55. (10.1016/j.funeco.2010.09.001)
- Crowther, T., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2011. Species-specific effects of soil fauna on fungal foraging and decomposition. Oecologia 167(2), pp. 535-545. (10.1007/s00442-011-2005-1)
- Bebber, D., Watkinson, S., Boddy, L. and Darrah, P. 2011. Simulated nitrogen deposition affects wood decomposition by cord-forming fungi. Oecologia 167(4), pp. 1177-1184. (10.1007/s00442-011-2057-2)
2010
- Parfitt, D., Hunt, J., Dockrell, D., Rogers, H. J. and Boddy, L. 2010. Do all trees carry the seeds of their own destruction? PCR reveals numerous wood decay fungi latently present in sapwood of a wide range of angiosperm trees. Fungal Ecology 3(4), pp. 338-346. (10.1016/j.funeco.2010.02.001)
- Hiscox, J., Hibbert, C., Rogers, H. J. and Boddy, L. 2010. Monokaryons and dikaryons of Trametes versicolor have similar combative, enzyme and decay ability. Fungal Ecology 3(4), pp. 347-356. (10.1016/j.funeco.2010.02.003)
- Eyre, C. A., Muftah, W., Hiscox, J., Hunt, J., Kille, P., Boddy, L. and Rogers, H. J. 2010. Microarray analysis of differential gene expression elicited in Trametes versicolor during interspecific mycelial interactions. Fungal Biology 114(8), pp. 646-660. (10.1016/j.funbio.2010.05.006)
- Boddy, L., Wood, J., Redman, E. C., Hynes, J. and Fricker, M. 2010. Fungal network responses to grazing. Fungal Genetics and Biology 47(6), pp. 522-530. (10.1016/j.fgb.2010.01.006)
- Hiscox, J., Baldrian, P., Rogers, H. J. and Boddy, L. 2010. Changes in oxidative enzyme activity during interspecific mycelial interactions involving the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Fungal Genetics and Biology 47(6), pp. 562-571. (10.1016/j.fgb.2010.03.007)
- Crockatt, M. E., Campbell, A., Allum, L., Ainsworth, A. M. and Boddy, L. 2010. The rare oak polypore Piptoporus quercinus: Population structure, spore germination and growth. Fungal Ecology 3(2), pp. 94-106. (10.1016/j.funeco.2009.09.001)
- Ainsworth, A. M., Parfitt, D., Rogers, H. J. and Boddy, L. 2010. Cryptic taxa within European species of Hydnellum and Phellodon revealed by combined molecular and morphological analysis. Fungal Ecology 3(2), pp. 65-80. (10.1016/j.funeco.2009.07.001)
- Boddy, L. 2010. Editorial. Fungal Ecology 3(2), pp. 49. (10.1016/j.funeco.2009.10.002)
- Kauserud, H. et al. 2010. Climate change and spring-fruiting fungi. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277(1685), pp. 1169-1177. (10.1098/rspb.2009.1537)
- A'bear, A. D., Boddy, L., Raspotnig, G. and Jones, T. H. 2010. Non-trophic effects of oribatid mites on cord-forming basidiomycetes in soil microcosms. Ecological Entomology 35(4), pp. 477-484. (10.1111/j.1365-2311.2010.01204.x)
- de Boer, W. et al. 2010. Mechanism of antibacterial activity of the white-rot fungus Hypholoma fasciculare colonizing wood. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 56(5), pp. 380-388. (10.1139/W10-023)
2009
- Boddy, L., Hynes, J., Bebber, D. P. and Fricker, M. D. 2009. Saprotrophic cord systems: dispersal mechanisms in space and time. Mycoscience 50(1), pp. 9-19. (10.1007/s10267-008-0450-4)
- Rotheray, T., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2009. Collembola foraging responses to interacting fungi. Ecological Entomology 34(1), pp. 125-132. (10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01050.x)
- Fricker, M. D., Boddy, L., Nakagaki, T. and Bebber, D. P. 2009. Adaptive biological networks. In: Gross, T. and Sayama, H. eds. Adaptive Networks: Theory, Models and Applications. Understanding complex systems New York: Springer, pp. 51-70., (10.1007/978-3-642-01284-6_4)
2008
- Fricker, M. D. et al. 2008. Imaging complex nutrient dynamics in mycelial networks. Journal of Microscopy 231(2), pp. 317-331. (10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02043.x)
- Tordoff, G. M., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2008. Species-specific impacts of collembola grazing on fungal foraging ecology. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40(2), pp. 434-442. (10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.09.006)
- Boddy, L. 2008. Editorial. Fungal Ecology 1(1), pp. 1. (10.1016/j.funeco.2008.02.004)
- Boddy, L. and Heilmann-Clausen, J. 2008. Basidiomycete community development in temperate angiosperm wood. In: Boddy, L., Frankland, J. C. and Van West, P. eds. Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. London: Elsevier Academic, pp. 209-235.
- Boddy, L., Frankland, J. C. and Van West, P. eds. 2008. Ecology of saprotrophic basidiomycetes. British Mycological Society Symposia Series Vol. 28. London: Elsevier.
- Heilmann-Clausen, J. and Boddy, L. 2008. Distribution patterns of wood-decay basidiomycetes at the landscape to global scale. In: Boddy, L., Frankland, J. and West, P. V. eds. Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. British Mycological Society Symposia Series Vol. 28. London: Elsevier, pp. 263-274.
- Boddy, L. and Donnelly, D. P. 2008. Fractal geometry and microorganisms in the environment. In: Senesi, N. and Wilkinson, K. J. eds. Biophysical Chemistry of Fractal Structures and Processes in Environmental Systems. Chichester: John Wiley, pp. 239-272.
- Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2008. Interactions between basidiomycota and invertebrates. In: Boddy, L., Frankland, J. C. and Van West, P. eds. Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. British Mycological Society Symposia Series Vol. 28. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 155-179., (10.1016/S0275-0287(08)80011-2)
- Crockatt, M. E., Pierce, G. I., Camden, R. A., Newell, P. M. and Boddy, L. 2008. Homokaryons are more combative than heterokaryons of Hericium coralloides. Fungal Ecology 1(1), pp. 40-48. (10.1016/j.funeco.2008.01.001)
- Folmann, L. B., Klein Gunnewiek, P. J. A., Boddy, L. and DeBoer, W. 2008. Impact of white-rot fungi on numbers and community composition of bacteria colonizing beech wood from forest soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 63(2), pp. 181-191. (10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00425.x)
- Fricker, M. D., Lee, J. A., Boddy, L. and Bebber, D. P. 2008. The Interplay between Structure and Function in Fungal Networks. Topologica 1(1:004) (10.3731/topologica.1.004)
- Moore, D., Gange, A., Gange, E. and Boddy, L. 2008. Fruit bodies: their production and development in relation to environment. In: Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. London: Elsevier, pp. 79-102.
- Rotheray, T. D., Jones, T. H., Fricker, M. D. and Boddy, L. 2008. Grazing alters network architecture during interspecific mycelial interactions. Fungal Ecology 1(4), pp. 124-132. (10.1016/j.funeco.2008.12.001)
- Woodward, S. and Boddy, L. 2008. Interactions between saprotrophic fungi. In: Boddy, L., Frankland, J. C. and Van West, P. eds. Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 125-139.
- Fricker, M. D., Bebber, D. and Boddy, L. 2008. Mycelial networks: structure and dynamics. In: Boddy, L., Frankland, J. C. and Van West, P. eds. Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. British Mycological Society Symposium Series Vol. 28. London: Elsevier, pp. 3-18.
- Evans, J. A., Eyre, C. A., Rogers, H. J., Boddy, L. and Müller, C. T. 2008. Changes in volatile production during interspecific interactions between four wood rotting fungi growing in artificial media. Fungal Ecology 1(2-3), pp. 57-68. (10.1016/j.funeco.2008.06.001)
2007
- Bebber, D. P., Hynes, J., Darrah, P. R., Boddy, L. and Fricker, M. D. 2007. Biological solutions to transport network design. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274(1623), pp. 2307-2315. (10.1098/rspb.2007.0459)
- Boddy, L., Gange, A., Gange, E. and Sparks, T. 2007. Rapid and recent changes in fungal fruiting patterns. Science Vol 31(5821), pp. 71. (10.1126/science.1137489)
2006
- Bretherton, S., Tordoff, G. M., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2006. Compensatory growth of Phanerochaete velutina mycelial systems grazed by Folsomia candida (Collembola). FEMS Microbiology Ecology 58(1), pp. 33-40. (10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00149.x)
- Tordoff, G. M., Boddy, L. and Jones, T. H. 2006. Grazing by Folsomia candida (Collembola) differentially affects mycelial morphology of the cord-forming basidiomycetes Hypholoma fasciculare, Phanerochaete velutina and Resinicium bicolor. Mycological Research 110(3), pp. 335-345. (10.1016/j.mycres.2005.11.012)
- Preston-Mafham, J., Boddy, L. and Randerson, P. F. 2006. Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbon-source utilisation profiles - a critique. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 42(1), pp. 1-14. (10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00990.x)
- Hynes, J., Müller, C. T., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2006. Changes in volatile production during the course of fungal mycelial interactions between Hypholoma fasciculare and Resinicium bicolor. Journal of Chemical Ecology 33(1), pp. 43-57. (10.1007/s10886-006-9209-6)
- Wood, J., Tordoff, G. M., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2006. Reorganization of mycelial networks of Phanerochaete velutina in response to new woody resources and collembola (Folsomia candida) grazing. Mycological Research 110(8), pp. 985-993. (10.1016/j.mycres.2006.05.013)
2005
- Parfitt, D., Hynes, J., Rogers, H. J. and Boddy, L. 2005. New PCR assay detects rare tooth fungi in wood where traditional approaches fail. Mycological Research 109(11), pp. 1187-1194. (10.1017/S095375620500359X)
- de Boer, W., Folman, L. B., Summerbell, R. C. and Boddy, L. 2005. Living in a fungal world: impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 29(4), pp. 795-811. (10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.005)
- Harold, S., Tordoff, G. M., Jones, T. H. and Boddy, L. 2005. Mycelial responses of Hypholoma fasciculare to collembola grazing: effect of inoculum age, nutrient status and resource quality. Mycological Research 109(8), pp. 927-935. (10.1017/S095375620500331X)
- Tibbles, L. L., Chandler, D., Mead, A., Jervis, M. and Boddy, L. 2005. Evaluation of the behavioural response of the flies Megaselia halterata and Lycoriella castanescens to different mushroom cultivation materials. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 116(2), pp. 73-81. (10.1111/j.1570-7458.2005.00272.x)
- Heilmann-Clausen, J. and Boddy, L. 2005. Inhibition and stimulation effects in communities of wood decay fungi: exudates from colonized wood influence growth by other species. Microbial Ecology 49(3), pp. 399-406. (10.1007/s00248-004-0240-2)
- Harris, M. J. and Boddy, L. 2005. Nutrient movement and mycelial reorganization in established systems of phanerochaete velutina, following arrival of colonized wood resources. Microbial Ecology 50(2), pp. 141-151. (10.1007/s00248-004-0075-x)
2004
- Wald, P., Pitkkänen, S. and Boddy, L. 2004. Interspecific interactions between the rare tooth fungi Creolophus cirrhatus, Hericium erinaceus and H. coralloides and other wood decay species in agar and wood. Mycological Research 108(12), pp. 1447-1457. (10.1017/S0953756204001340)
- Dursun, S., Ineson, P., Boddy, L. and Frankland, J. C. 2004. Sulphite effects on microbial respiration from sycamore leaf litter and soil in the laboratory and field. International Journal of Environmental Studies 61(6), pp. 727-733. (10.1080/0020723042000271686)
- Leake, J., Johnson, D., Donnelly, D., Muckle, G., Boddy, L. and Read, D. 2004. Networks of power and influence: the role of mycorrhizal mycelium in controlling plant communities and agroecosystem functioning. Canadian Journal of Botany 82(8), pp. 1016-1045. (10.1139/b04-060)
2002
- Hendry, S. J., Boddy, L. and Lonsdale, D. 2002. Abiotic variables effect differential expression of latent infections in beech (Fagus sylvatica). New Phytologist 155(3), pp. 449-460. (10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x)
- Wells, J. M. and Boddy, L. 2002. Interspecific carbon exchange and cost of interactions between basidiomycete mycelia in soil and wood. Functional Ecology 16(2), pp. 153-161. (10.1046/j.1365-2435.2002.00595.x)
2001
- Boddy, L. and Donnelly, D. 2001. Mycelial dynamics during interactions between Stropharia caerulea and other cord-forming, saprotrophic basidiomycetes. New Phytologist Vol 15(Issue), pp. 691-704. (10.1046/j.0028-646x.2001.00211.x)
1990
- Boddy, L. and Lloyd, D. 1990. Portable mass spectrometry: a potentially useful ecological tool for simultaneous, continuous measurement of gases in situ in soils and sediments. In: Harrison, A. F., Ineson, P. and Heal, O. W. eds. Nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: field methods, application and interpretation. Barking,UK:, pp. 139.
1989
- Davies, K. J., Lloyd, D. and Boddy, L. 1989. The effect of oxygen on denitrification in Paracoccus denitrificans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. Microbiology 135(9), pp. 2445-2451. (10.1099/00221287-135-9-2445)
Interactions between saprotrophic fungi
BIOSI collaborators: Hilary J. Rogers, Carsten Müller
External collaborators: Daniel P. Eastwood (Swansea University), Yu Fukasawa (Tohoku University, Japan)
Basidiomycete fungi are the major agents of decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Different species and individuals encounter each other both within colonized organic resources and in soil/leaf litter during outgrowth in search of new resources. They defend and obtain new territory by combative, antagonistic interactions. These interactions are, thus, crucial to fungal community development and functioning in dead organic matter. The overall outcomes are deadlock, where neither species gains headway, or replacement where one species wrests territory from the other, but sometimes partial replacement or reciprocal replacement. Outcomes vary depending on species, site of interaction (i.e. in soil or wood etc.), microclimate and relative size of mycelia and resources occupied etc. Outcome of interactions can be affected by microclimate and resource status amongst others. We have shown that soil invertebrate grazing alters mycelial interactions, dramatically. With the complexity of multiple species and environmental conditions, many different antagonistic mechanisms operate. Responses to antagonists include rapid cell division and death, production of pigments, volatile (VOCs) and diffusible organic compounds, other antimicrobial agents, changes in enzyme production and gene expression. We are trying to understand both how interspecific fungal interactions determine fungal community structure and development, and the underlying mechanisms of antagonism. Ultimately we want to know how wood decay communities function in natural ecosystems. We are investigating the physiological and gene expression changes during interactions between species of decay fungi in wood representing the succession from primary coloniser to secondary and tertiary decomposers, under differing environmental conditions, using new post-genomic tools to allow us to get a complete picture of the genes that are switched on and off during interactions.
Heart rot of standing trees, and ecology of endangered woodland basidiomycetes and decay habitat
BIOSI collaborator: Hilary J. Rogers
External collaborators: Emma Gilmartin (Woodland Trust), Ted Green (Windsor)
In living trees, most decay occurs in the central heart of the tree (termed heart-rot), where water content is lower and aeration better than in functional sapwood. Despite heart-rot study beginning almost 200 years ago, there has been limited research in the last 50 years, probably because forestry practices largely involve cultivation of younger trees. We do not know how the fungi become established, how their communities change over time, the location, rates and patterns of decomposition in relation to wood anatomy. Nor do we know how this impacts the organisms dependent on this habitat. Our initial studies on beech revealed the 3-dimensional structure of decay fungi in wood, and showed that records of fruit bodies give a poor indication of the fungi responsible for decay, and of their internal distribution. We are now extending our explorations into oak.
We are also seeking to reveal whether a set of wood decomposer species, thought to be rare based on paucity of fruiting records, are actually rare and endangered, and if so then why? Fungi in the genus Hericium (hedgehog fungi) are decomposers of wood and other plant litter. H. erinaceum is a UK BAP priority species, H. coralloides appears even rarer, and H. cirrhatum is also uncommon. Concentrating on these species, we have obtained probably the most in depth autecological knowledge of any putatively rare fungal species. In a similar project with Piptoporus quercinus – the rare oak polypore, we have found that populations appear to be inbred, sexual spores rarely germinate, but thick-walled asexual spores allow survival under adverse microclimate. Having developed specific PCR primers for these fungi we are now in a position to discover whether they are really rare or whether they just produce visible fruit bodies infrequently.
We are also trying to bolster populations by investigating approaches to inoculating rare fungi into standing living trees, and also more common fungi that will cause heart-rot to veteranise young trees to counter disappearing habitat.
Foraging patterns, architecture and memory of mycelia systems in soil
External collaborators: Mark D. Fricker (University of Oxford), Yu Fukasawa (Tohoku University, Japan)
Wood-decaying basidiomycete fungi are the major agents of decomposition in forests and hence crucial to nutrient cycling. On the forest floor, decay fungi that produce ‘root-like’ linear organs - termed cords, exhibit remarkable patterns of biomass and nutrient reallocation on locating new resources. They also deploy biomass differently and operate different search patterns depending on species, microclimatic regime, nutrient status of the system and surrounding soil. The complex mycelial networks that form in soil are constantly being remodelled in response to nutrient discovery and demand, changes in microclimate and destructive disturbance, e.g. by invertebrate grazers. We are currently investigating, mathematically, the architecture of networks, routes between different regions, resilience to damage, etc. using graph/network theory, in collaboration with Mark Fricker at Oxford. We have recently demonstrated that mycelia have some sort of ‘directional’ memory, and are further investigating this with Yu Fukasawa (Japan).
Detection, distribution and identification of pioneer fungi latently present in functional sapwood
External collaborators: Emma Gilmartin (Woodland Trust), Michelle Jusino (William and Mary, USA), Daniel Lindner (USDA, Madison, Wisconsin)
Wood decomposition and fungal community development begins while branches are still in the canopy and trunks still standing. In the absence of wounds, initial colonisers develop from propagules distributed extensively but sparsely throughout the sap stream, but do not develop overtly because of the high water content when sapwood is functional in water conduction. Next generation sequencing approaches are now allowing us to determine the diversity and role of latently present fungi in early stages of decay development in the natural environment. We are addressing the following hypotheses:
*All woodland angiosperm trees contain wood decay fungi latently present within functional sapwood.
*Conifers also have wood decay fungi latently present within functional sapwood
*Fungi latently present in one tree species have a much wider distribution in other species than has been shown to date by conventional methodologies, i.e. are not host-specific.
*In addition to known and suspected latent fungi, there are many other fungal species, which have not been identified as such.
*The spatial distribution of latently present fungi varies between fungal species.
Ash dieback disease: ecology and pathology
External Collaborator: Joan Webber (Forest Research, Surrey)
Ash dieback disease has been the focus of intensive study in the past ten years, however, there are still many lacunae in our understanding of both the disease and the behaviour of the pathogen. We are investigating climatic effects on the timing and intensity of spore release at a range of ash dieback infected sites around England and Wales, on spore survival and germination, and extent of colonization of fallen leaf stalks. Armillaria can be a major factor in the mortality of trees affected by ash dieback, however, the frequency of Armillaria infection, and the species of Armillaria involved are not yet known. The project aims to fill these knowledge gaps to aid management.
Global change effects on fungi
External Collaborators: Alan Gange (Royal Holloway, University of London), ClimFun consortium (Håvard Kauserud (Oslo), Carrie Andrew and numerous other collaborators from European countries), Iain Hartley (Exeter University)
Fungi provide vital ecosystem services through decomposition, nutrient cycling and soil aggregation, and are an important component of ecosystem responses to global change. We have analysed extensive data sets from the UK and continental Europe. In a series of 14 in depth papers, we have shown that fruiting phenology is dramatically changing as are hosts and species distributions, due to climate and other global changes, though this varies between species and ecosystems. These changes imply that functioning is changing. We now need to delve deeper to determine more specifically effects on different functional groups.
To be better able to predict the effect of a warming climate on wood decay and CO2 release from terrestrial ecosystems, we are investigating effects of temperature on basidiomycete fungi decomposing wood. This includes thermal acclimation of individual fungi and outcomes of interspecific fungal interactions exposed to natural diurnal temperature regimes.
Fungal invertebrate interactions
BIOSI collaborator: T. Hefin Jones
External Collaborators: Tone Bikemoe, Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson, Lisa Fagerli Lunde (University Ås, Norway)
Fungi and invertebrates interact intimately in decomposing wood, with both positive and negative effects on each other. Many invertebrates are attracted to fungal mycelia and fruit bodies, upon which they may graze and in which they may breed. The mycelial morphology and physiological/biochemical functioning of saprotrophic soil basidiomycetes can alter dramatically in the presence of nematodes, collembola, woodlice and other invertebrates. We are currently investigating the relationships between invertebrate communities and decay types in oak trees, and the relationships between beetles and Fomitopsis pinicola.
Cardiff research group
PhD students: Matt Wainhouse; Rich Wright
Masters students: Ian Chedgy; Oliver Lindsey; Megan Belanger; Charlotte Gurney-Read; Lizzie Walker.
Extended research group
PhD students: Matt Combes (Forest Research); Katie Journeaux (Exeter); Ed Pyne (Bangor).