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Effectiveness of antimicrobial wipes

A recent paper in the Lancet stated that 1.27 million people died worldwide because of antimicrobial resistant infections in 2019. Preventing these infections is more important than ever, and clean surfaces in healthcare settings are a key part of the solution.

Antimicrobial wipes are used to decontaminate surfaces in healthcare to reduce the risk of patients getting infections. Not much was known about the effectiveness of these anti-bacterial products, and which were the most effective in destroying bacterial pathogens. There was also no evidence about how wipes should be used in clinical settings for effective infection control.

In 2006, the Welsh Government approached Professor Maillard, following his extensive research expertise on antimicrobial biocides and microbial resistance, to investigate the effectiveness of antimicrobial wipes for infection control in Welsh intensive care units. This led to the development of a comprehensive test protocol measuring the efficacy and risk associated with wipe-based products.

Professor Maillard went onto assess how effective commercially available sporicidal wipes were at removing spores of Clostridioides difficile (C diff) from an inanimate surface. He evaluated a range of factors, including the nature and concentration of the biocides used in the wipe, the wipe material itself, the nature of the surfaces that needed to be decontaminated, the target pathogens, and the way in which the wipe was being physically used by healthcare and cleaning staff.

He discovered that many of the antimicrobial wipes being used to reduce the spread of bacteria in hospitals were ineffective and could unintentionally contribute to the spread of potentially fatal pathogenic bacteria.

The work also found that claims made by wipe manufacturers around the antimicrobial effectiveness of their wipes could not be backed up in practice.

“When I started to look at the products being used, I discovered that the antimicrobial activity claims for some products were not good and couldn’t be substantiated,” explains Professor Maillard.

He also found that no effective testing protocol existed for these products and that a sufficiently robust and standardised ‘biocide wipe testing procedure’ was needed.

Developing a new protocol

Professor Maillard worked with the inventors of a textile testing device called the Wiperator® which is manufactured in Canada. Previously the Wiperator® could only test the material used in wipe manufacturing. Using Professor Maillard’s research, changes were made to the device so that it could assess the effectiveness of wipes with different biocide formulations and when real-life use conditions were applied (for example applied force, rubbing speed and duration of wiping).

Professor Maillard and his research group used the modified Wiperator® to develop a new standard protocol for the testing and clinical use of antimicrobial wipes.

“We developed a method in the lab that was based on three parts, which was the actual efficacy of the wipe itself to remove microorganisms on surfaces, the efficacy of the wipe to kill microorganisms in the wipes, and the efficacy of the wipes to stop transferring microorganisms between surfaces,” Professor Maillard explains.

The research found that even when a wipe is proven to eliminate bacteria, it must be used in a certain way to be effective in minimising the spread of bacteria.

“It's important that the wipes remove things from the surface, but it's equally important that they do not transfer microorganisms across surfaces. We came up with a way to do this - one wipe, used on one surface and in one direction,” Professor Maillard adds.

Using the wipe in this way prevents it from spreading bacteria from one surface to another or from one area to another when used on numerous surfaces or in several directions.

Using this new protocol Professor Maillard was able to clearly demonstrate which products were effective and how they should be used safely to minimise the spread of potentially fatal pathogenic bacteria.

The protocol Professor Maillard developed underpinned a new American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International Standard for testing and use of antimicrobial wipes. (ASTM is an international organisation that develops and publishes technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services.)

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Watch our video about the clinical antimicrobial wipes project.

Partnership with GAMA Healthcare Ltd

The development of this protocol was used to establish the sporicidal activity of a number of commercially available products claiming activity against Clostridioides difficile. Professor Maillard identified that one product was superior to those produced by competitors. This product was GAMA Healthcare’s Clinell Sporicidal wipe.

The clinical trials run by the university – the first of their kind, provided the clinical proof needed by healthcare customers and regulators that GAMA’s wipes are effective against C diff – killing 99.9999% of spores in just one minute.

“It was absolutely clear when we compared their product with the others, that their product was much better. And that was the starting point for them really to be able to make a strong claim based on the publication of our paper.” Professor Maillard says.

This led to a long-term collaboration between the university and GAMA Healthcare Ltd, supported via four Knowledge Transfer Partnerships funded by Innovate UK. This collaboration and transfer of knowledge helped the company to set up and run clinical trials, train staff across multiple departments, develop the next generation of products and lay the foundation for in-house research and development capability.

The partnership was rated highly by Innovate UK who graded the project 'outstanding'. Its achievements were also recognised at Cardiff University's Innovation and Impact Awards 2015, winning the Business Innovation Award and also elected the 'People's Choice' winner, an award voted for by the general public. It also won the Insider’s (Wales) Business and Education Partnerships Awards 2015 in the category of Research and Development.

GAMA Healthcare Ltd is now a UK market leader in the antimicrobial wet wipe product industry. They are one of the largest suppliers of wet wipes to the NHS in the United Kingdom and export products all over the world.

"Interaction with industry is crucial to optimise research application 'in the real world' and create impactful innovation - here, ensuring the product used as part of an infection control regimen in healthcare settings can make a difference and help infection control against troublesome pathogens," Professor Maillard says.

As new products are developed, and formulations improved, Professor Maillard continues helping formulation and product developments and to develop protocols mimicking product usage in practice; using his expertise to contribute to the global effort to minimise healthcare acquired infections.

People

Professor Jean-Yves Maillard

Professor Jean-Yves Maillard

Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Email
maillardj@cardiff.ac.uk
Telephone
+44 (0)29 2087 9088