Dr Hance Smith

Senior Lecturer

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences

: smithhd@cardiff.ac.uk

Introduction

The central theme revolves around marine geography as an academic subject and its practical application in coastal and sea use management, and related contributions to professional activities including the International Geographical Union; Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors; and external contributions to book series and academic journals, including journal special issues. Marine geography is a comparatively recent major innovation within the academic subject of geography, and its practical application is central to the growing preoccupation of states with governing the increasingly intensive use of their coasts, adjacent seas and the world ocean.

Development

The study of development has progressed along the twin inter-related themes of maritime communities and marine resources upon which their development depends. The initial foundation was PhD research on the historical geography of Shetland life and trade from 1550 to 1914, which has a strong maritime focus. With some additional work this was published as a monograph in 1984 and, unusually for PhD research reprinted in paperback in 2003, subsequently going out of print a second time. Shetland and its surrounding seas may be regarded as a ‘type location’ for maritime development in the UK-centred development of the global economy throughout this period. Particular contributions have been made to maritime trade, fisheries, and identification of stage-based progression in development sequences which are of wide application. This research was also popularised in a series of historical publications.

A secondary research theme, begun in conjunction with the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, has been the study of the emergence of the offshore oil and gas industry in the North Sea during the 1960s and early 1970s. More recently this work was extended to the maritime heritage of naval port development. The development research was incorporated into long term teaching commitments.

Marine Geography

The development of marine geography as an academic discipline had its roots in the development theme outlined above. It subsequently took off in both research and teaching with the UWIST appointment in 1977 to teach on and manage the new and then unique BSc in Maritime Geography established by the late Professor Alastair Couper in 1976; and development of a related research programme with a primary focus on sea use management. There are three basic themes: marine mapping and charting; marine geography itself; and maritime education and training.

The marine mapping and charting work was limited, but innovative, with particular themes concerned with the management of charting in the UK; and the preliminary development of a European Seabed Information System in association with the Sea Fish Industry Authority. A second key contribution was extensive work on maritime atlases, including The Times Atlas of the Oceans.

The main thrust proved to be the development of an academic framework for marine geography as a discipline, with a steady series of position papers setting out a detailed conceptual basis for the field, latterly within the context of the International Geographical Union (IGU); together with a series of management papers dealing with local, national European and global scales.

The third, limited extension of this work was focused on maritime education and training, particularly in the IGU context, with the UK system and tertiary level education being the main foci of interest, together with basic textbook writing.

The marine geography work contributed extensively to teaching, both of individual courses/modules; and administratively through acting as Course Tutor from 1979 until 2000, which involved student admissions, and development of a placement scheme (1985-2003) which contributed to formation of a network of contacts in industry, government and NGOs.

At international level there was a major contribution to the development of the subject as a founder member of the IGU Study Group in Marine Geography (in 1986) and subsequently Commission (from 1988), acting first as Secretary (1986-92) and Chair (1992-2000). This involved organisation and participation in numerous international conferences, with related editorial work for journal special issues; and the establishment of the long-running Routledge Ocean Management and Policy (subsequently Routledge Advances in Maritime Research) book series.

Coastal, sea and ocean management

The applied strand in marine geography has proved to be the most extensively developed in the long run, not only in terms of publications, but also funded research projects, PhDs, and professional engagement, including the Royal Institution of Charted Surveyors, and extensive editorial work. The three main themes have been respectively environmental management of shipping and ports; coastal management; and sea use management. When the transfer to Earth Sciences took place in 2000, the research programme of the Marine Geography team was focused by the establishment of the Marine and Coastal Environment Group (MACE).

The environmental management of shipping and ports was an early focus of my personal work, with strong contributions associated with work for WWF on shipping risk in UK waters; and in PhD research. The main research effort in MACE was led by Dr Chris Wooldridge, who developed an extensive programme on environmental policy and management of ports, both in Europe and globally.

The coastal management theme led by Dr Rhoda Ballinger was notable for its strong performance in large European research projects with participation in CoCoNET, COREPOINT, and IMCORE for ERDF, all with a strong focus on science-policy integration in the context of local authority involvement and climate change in the case of the INTERREG projects; I led on the Framework 6 project SPICOSA, which focused both on modelling and education in the field of coastal management. Sectorally-based PhD projects were also a notable feature.

This work stream was also valuable in that the RICS approached UWIST in the mid-1980s to use the BSC Maritime Geography scheme as the basis for their professional examinations in Marine Resource Management. This ushered in a long period of co-operation with the RICS, including a Fellowship (1988-2008); serving on the Surveyors Courses Board in the early 1990s; and chairing the Marine Resource Management Committee from 1992-95.

Also of considerable significance in the marine policy field was service as Associate Editor of Marine Policy from 1993 when Professor E D Brown of the Centre for Marine Law and Policy successively at UWIST and UWCC became Editor-in-Chief. I took over as sole Editor-in-Chief from 2013 until the end of 2018. Marine Policy is the leading journal in this field. Service on the Editorial Board of Ocean & Coastal Management involved organisation of several special issues; since 2012 I have been on the Editorial Board of Maritime Studies, and since 2019 on the Editorial Board of Marine Policy.

Conclusion

There has been a major contribution to the academic development of marine geography as a discipline; its teaching on the innovative BSc Marine Geography course at Cardiff University; and international development of the subject and its practical application both through the IGU and RICS respectively; and extensive initiatives in editorial work, especially through the Routledge book series and Marine Policy.

Current research revolves around marine policy and governance; and maritime development and management including maritime trade and shipping; offshore energy including the offshore oil industry; and fisheries development and management.

1964-68: University of Aberdeen: BSc Honours Geography.

1968-72: University of Aberdeen: PhD – The historical geography of trade in the Shetland Islands,

1550-1914. Postgraduate Student Demonstrator 1971-72.

1972-14: Aberdeen College of Education, Geography Department. Lecturer.

1974-76: Newcastle upon Tyne Polytechnic, Department of Humanities. Lecturer II.

1977-88: UWIST, Department of Maritime Studies: Lecturer.

1988-96: UWCC, Department of Maritime Studies: Senior Lecturer.

1996-11: Cardiff University, Department of Maritime Studies and International Transport: Reader.

Transferred to Department of Earth Sciences in 2000, which became School of Earth,

Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2003; School of Earth and Ocean Sciences in 2008;

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences in 2020.

2011-2019: Cardiff University, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences: Honorary Senior Lecturer.

2019-2022: Cardiff University, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences/School of Earth

and Environmental Sciences: Honorary Associate.

2022-2025: Cardiff University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences: Honorary Senior

Lecturer.

2023

Carter, T., Williams, J. G., Smith, H. D., Protheroe-Jones, J., John, A. and Roberts, S. E. 2023. Loss of life at sea from shipping British coal since 1890. International Journal of Maritime History 35(3), pp. 431-453. (10.1177/08438714231181754)
Jaleel, A. and Smith, H. D. 2023. The plight of the fishers and the management of IUU fishing. Marine Policy 150, article number: 105557. (10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105557)

2022

Jaleel, A. and Smith, H. D. 2022. The Maldives tuna fishery: an example of best practice. Ocean Yearbook Online 36(1), pp. 314-345. (10.1163/22116001-03601012)

2021

Roberts, S., Carter, T., Smith, H., John, A. and Williams, J. 2021. Forgotten fatalities: British military, mining, and maritime accidents since 1900.. Occupational Medicine 71(6-7), pp. 277-283. (10.1093/occmed/kqab108)

2019

Smith, H. and Azmath, J. 2019. Marine policy: the first four decades. Marine Policy 108, article number: 103652. (10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103652)
Smith, H. D. and Jaleel, A. 2019. Marine policy: the first four decades. Marine Policy 108, article number: 103652. (10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103652)

2018

Smith, H. 2018. Introduction to deep sea mining activities in the Pacific region.. Marine Policy 95 (10.1016/j.marpol.2018.07.018)
Smith, H., De Vivero, J. L. S. and Agardy, T. S. 2018. Routledge handbook of ocean resources and management. [Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management]. Routledge.

2016

Stojanovic, T., McNae, H. M., Tett, P., Potts, T., Reis, J., Smith, H. D. and Dillingham, I. 2016. The social aspect of social-ecological systems: a critique of analytical frameworks and findings from a multi-site study of coastal sustainability. Ecology and Society 21(3), article number: 15. (10.5751/ES-08633-210315)

2015

Smith, H., Juan Luis, S. d. V. and Agardy, T. S. 2015. Chapter 1: The world ocean and the human past and present. In: Smith, H., Juan Luis, S. d. V. and Agardy, T. S. eds. Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management. Taylor and Francis
Smith, H. and Thrupp, T. 2015. Oil and gas. In: Smith, H., de Vivero, J. L. S. and Agardy, T. S. eds. Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management. , (10.4324/9780203115398)
Couper, A., Smith, H. D. and Ciceri, B. 2015. Fishers and plunderers: theft, slavery and violence at sea. Pluto Press. (10.2307/j.ctt183p451)
Smith, H. D., Ball, I., Ballinger, R. C., Stojanovic, T. and Thrupp, T. 2015. Strategy for marine environment conservation and development: United Kingdom. In: Cicin-Sain, B., Vanderzwaag, D. and Balgos, M. C. eds. Routledge Handbook of National and Regional Ocean Policies. London: Taylor Francis, pp. 186 - 235.
Smith, H., Ball, I., Stojanovic, T., Thrupp, T. and Ballinger, R. 2015. Strategy for marine environment conservation and development in the United Kingdom. In: Cicin-Sain, B., VanderZwaag, D. L. and Balgos, M. C. eds. Routledge Handbook of National and Regional Ocean Policies. London: Routledge, pp. 186-235.
Smith, H., Luis Suarez de Vivero, J. and Agardy, T. 2015. The world ocean and the human future. In: Smith, H., Luis Suarez de Vivero, J. and Agardy, T. eds. Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management. London: Routledge, (10.4324/9780203115398-39)
Smith, H., Luis Suárez de Vivero, J. and Agardy, T. 2015. The world ocean and the human past and present. In: Smith, H., Luis Suárez de Vivero, J. and Agardy, T. eds. Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management. London: Routledge, (10.4324/9780203115398-39)

2014

Smith, H. 2014. Persian Gulf: oil and energy. In: Ashworth, M. and Parker, P. eds. The Times History of the World in Maps:The Rise and Fall of Empires Countries and Cities. History in Maps HarperCollins
Reis, J., Stojanovic, T. and Smith, H. 2014. Relevance of systems approaches for implementing integrated coastal zone management principles in Europe. Marine Policy 43 (10.1016/j.marpol.2013.03.013)

2013

Smith, H. 2013. The regional management of fisheries in the United Kingdom. Marine Policy 37 (10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.034)

2012

Smith, H. D., Ballinger, R. C. and Stojanovic, T. A. 2012. The Spatial Development Basis of Marine Spatial Planning in the United Kingdom. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 14(1), pp. 29-47. (10.1080/1523908X.2012.663192)
Smith, H. 2012. Trade in the modern world. In: The Great Trade Routes: a history of cargoes and commerce over land and sea. London: Conway

2011

Smith, H. D., Maes, F., Stojanovic, T. A. and Ballinger, R. C. 2011. The integration of land and marine spatial planning. Journal of Coastal Conservation 15(2), pp. 291-303. (10.1007/s11852-010-0098-z)
Lloyd, G., Smith, H. D., Ballinger, R. C., Stojanovic, T. A. and Duck, R. 2011. EU maritime policy and the economic development of the European seas. In: Kidd, S., Plater, A. and Frid, C. eds. The Ecosystem Approach to Marine Planning and Management. Earthscan Oceans Routledge

2010

Ballinger, R. C., Cummins, V. and Smith, H. D. 2010. Implementing ICZM: the experience of Northwest Europe. Ocean & Coastal Management 53(12), pp. 725-726. (10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.10.022)
Ballinger, R., Cummins, V. and Smith, H. 2010. Implementing ICZM: The experience of North West Europe. Ocean & Coastal Management 53(12), pp. 725-726. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.10.022)

2005

Smith, H. and Potts, J. 2005. Managing Britain's marine and coastal environment. [Managing Britain's Marine and Coastal Environment]. London: Routledge. (10.4324/9780203391341)
Smith, H. D. and Potts, J. 2005. Peoples of the sea: the British maritime world. In: Smith, H. D. and Potts, J. eds. Managing Britain's Marine and Coastal Environment. Routledge Advances in Maritime Research London: Routledge, pp. 7-19.

2004

Ball, I. and Smith, H. 2004. Legislative reform for the Welsh marine environment: a report to WWF Cymru. Project Report. WWF-UK.
Smith, H. D. 2004. The geography of the sea. In: Smith, H. D. ed. The Oceans: Key Issues in Marine Affairs. GeoJournal Library Vol. 78. Dordrecht: Kluwer, pp. 5-24., (10.1007/978-1-4020-2780-2_2)

2003

Smith, H. D. 2003. Emerging issues in oceans, coasts and islands. Marine Policy 27(4), pp. 289-290. (10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00048-4)
Smith, H. 2003. The north sea: sea use management and planning. Ocean and Shoreline Management 16(3-4), pp. 383-395. (10.1016/0951-8312(91)90015-T)
Smith, H. 2003. The regional bases of sea use management. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15(4), pp. 273-282. (10.1016/0951-8312(91)90020-3)
Smith, H. 2003. The North Sea: sea use management and planning. Ocean and Shoreline Management 16(3-4), pp. 383-395. (10.1016/0951-8312(91)90015-T)
Smith, H. 2003. The development and management of the world ocean. Ocean & Coastal Management 24(1), pp. 3-16. (10.1016/0964-5691(94)90049-3)
Smith, H. and Couper, A. 2003. The management of the underwater cultural heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage 4(1), pp. 25-33. (10.1016/S1296-2074(03)00005-0)

2002

Ball, I. 2002. Turning the Tide: power from the sea and protection for nature.. Project Report. [Online]. WWF-UK. Available at: http://assets.wwf.org.uk/downloads/turningthetide_full.pdf
Smith, H. D. 2002. The role of the social sciences in capacity building in ocean and coastal management. Ocean & Coastal Management 45(9-10), pp. 573-582. (10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00087-X)
Smith, H. and Vallega, A. 2002. The development of integrated sea use management. [The Development of Integrated Sea Use Management]. Routledge.
Smith, H. D. 2002. The present and future of coastal zone management in the UK. Land Use Policy 8(2), pp. 125-132. (10.1016/0264-8377(91)90004-3)
Smith, H. 2002. Managing the marine environment - Shetland and the sea [special issue of Marine Policy]. Marine Policy 17(5), pp. 332-333. (10.1016/0308-597X(93)90040-A)
Smith, H., Lalwani, C. and Brookfield, I. 2002. Sea use planning and the north sea.. Marine Policy 5(1), pp. 75-76. (10.1016/0308-597X(81)90078-6)
Smith, H. D. 2002. The marine political geography of Scotland. In: Schofield, C. H. et al. eds. The Razor's Edge: International Boundaries and Political Geography: Essays in Honour of Professor Gerald Blake. International Boundary Studies Series London: Kluwer Law International, pp. 185-200.

2001

Smith, H. D. and Potts, J. 2001. Special issue on ocean governance and capacity building. Marine Policy 25(6), pp. 389-390. (10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00031-8)
Smith, H. 2001. Editorial: the industrialisation of the world ocean. Ocean & Coastal Management 44(9-10), pp. 563-566. (10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00068-0)
Smith, H. 2001. The industrialisation of the world ocean. Ocean & Coastal Management 44(9-10), pp. 563-566. (10.1016/S0964-5691(01)00068-0)

2000

Smith, H. 2000. Education and training in integrated coastal area management: the role of the university system. Ocean & Coastal Management 43(4-5), pp. 379-387. (10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00034-X)
Smith, H. 2000. The industrialisation of the world ocean. Ocean & Coastal Management 43(1), pp. 11-28. (10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00028-4)
Smith, H. D. 2000. Public policy and ocean management: developments in Europe. Ocean & Coastal Management 27(1-2), pp. 1-4. (10.1016/0964-5691(95)00023-2)
Smith, H. D. 2000. Shipping, safety and the environment: a post-Donaldson analysis [special issue of Marine Policy]. Marine Policy 19(6), pp. 451-452. (10.1016/0308-597X(95)00028-5)

1999

Pinder, D. and Smith, H. 1999. Heritage and change on the naval waterfront: opportunity and challenge. Ocean & Coastal Management 42(10-11), pp. 861-889. (10.1016/S0964-5691(99)00051-4)
Smith, H. 1999. The historical geography of the seas around the british isles. Marine Policy(4-5), pp. 275-287. (10.1016/S0308-597X(99)00011-1)
Smith, H. 1999. The regional management of the seas around the united kingdom. Marine Policy 23(4-5), pp. 525-535. (10.1016/S0308-597X(99)00012-3)
Smith, H. and Lalwani, C. S. 1999. The call of the sea: the marine knowledge industry in the u.k.. Marine Policy 23(4-5), pp. 397-412. (10.1016/S0308-597X(99)00006-8)

1998

Smith, H. D. and Pinder, D. 1998. Geostrategy, naval power, and naval port systems. Marine Policy 21(4), pp. 291-308. (10.1016/S0308-597X(97)00026-2)
Vallega, A., Smith, H. D. and Augustinius, P. G. E. F. 1998. Geography, oceans and coasts: towards sustainable development. [Geography, oceans and coasts: towards sustainable development]. (10.5962/bhl.title.68439)

1997

Smith, H. and Pinder, D. 1997. Geostrategy and naval port systems: frameworks for analysis. Marine Policy 21(4), pp. 291-308. (10.1016/S0308-597X(97)00026-2)

1996

Ballinger, R., Havard, M., Pettit, S. and Smith, H. 1996. Towards a more integrated management approach for the Welsh coastal zone. Presented at: European Union of Coastal Conservation Conference, Swansea, July 1996.
Ballinger, R., Havard, M., Pettit, S. and Smith, H. 1996. Towards a more integrated management approach for the Welsh coastal zone. In: Jones, P., Healy, M. and Williams, A. eds. Studies in European coastal management. Cardigan: Samara Publishing Ltd., pp. 211-220.
Havard, M. S. C., Ballinger, R., Pettit, S. and Smith, H. 1996. Coastal zone management in Wales: The information gaps. Journal of Coastal Conservation 2(2), pp. 175-178. (10.1007/BF02743051)

1995

Smith, H. 1995. The environmental management of shipping. Marine Policy 19(6), pp. 503-508. (10.1016/0308-597x(95)00033-3)
Ballinger, R., Smith, H. and Cole-King, A. 1995. A guide to sources in marine geography. Occasional papers University of Wales College of Cardiff. Dept.of Maritime Studies and International Transport Vol. 28. Cardiff, Wales: Cardiff : Dept. of Maritime Studies and International Transport, University of Wales College of Cardiff.
Smith, H. 1995. The role of the state in the technical and general management of the oceans. Ocean & Coastal Management 27(1-2), pp. 5-14. (10.1016/0964-5691(95)00024-0)
Ballinger, R., Havard, M., Pettit, S. J. and Smith, H. 1995. Coastal zone management in Wales: The information gaps. Presented at: 25th Annual Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Spetember 1999.
Ballinger, R., Havard, M., Pettit, S. and Smith, H. 1995. A review of coastal zone management in Wales: a study commissioned by the Countryside Council for Wales. Presented at: Arfordir Conference - Reorganising the Coast, Llandudno, Wales, UK, January 1995.
Pettit, S., King, O., Smith, H., Budd, M., Ball, I., Ballinger, R. and Cole-King, A. 1995. Collecting user requirements from an experimental user community on coastal zones. Project Report. Cardiff University.

1994

Ballinger, R. C., Smith, H. D. and Warren, L. M. 1994. The management of the coastal zone of Europe. Ocean & Coastal Management 22(1), pp. 45-85. (10.1016/0964-5691(94)90082-5)
Smith, H. and Priyan, D. 1994. Environmental impact assessment as a management tool for the use of chemicals for fish farming in the UK. Aquaculture International 2, pp. 59-64. (10.1007/BF00118533)

1992

Smith, H. 1992. Advances in the science and technology of ocean management. [Advances in the Science and Technology of Ocean Management]. Routledge.

1991

Smith, H. 1991. Editorial: The development of marine regions. Ocean and Shoreline Management 15(4), pp. 259-259. (10.1016/0951-8312(91)90018-W)

1989

Smith, H. 1989. IGU Commission on Marine Geography IGU Commission on Coastal Environment. GeoJournal 19(1), pp. 85-86. (10.1007/BF00620554)
Smith, H. 1989. Living resources; oil and gas; the management task. In: Couper, A. ed. The Times Atlas and Encyclopaedia of the Sea. HarperCollins
Smith, H. 1989. The international geographical union commission on marine geography. Ocean Yearbook Online 8(1), pp. 458-465. (10.1163/221160089X00245)

1987

Smith, H. 1987. Maritime boundaries and the emerging regional bases of world ocean management. In: Blake, G. ed. Rivivals Maritime Boundaries and Ocean Resources. Routledge

1986

Smith, H. D. 1986. The geography of the sea. Geography 71(4), pp. 320-324.
Smith, H. 1986. Exclusive Economic Zones - report on a one day conference. In: Exclusive Economic Zones: Resources, Opportunity and Legal Regimes., Vol. 8. Advances in Underwater Technology, Ocean Science and Offshore Engineering Springer Dordrecht, pp. 173-176.

1985

Smith, H. 1985. Oceans and seas. HarperCollins Publishers.
Smith, H. D. 1985. The management and administration of the sea. Area 17(2), pp. 109-115.

1984

Smith, H. 1984. Shetland life and trade, 1550-1914. John Donald Publishers Ltd.
Smith, H., Halliday, J. and Beresford, A. 1984. La manche: l'amenagement des littoraux et de la mer. Études Normandes 33(3), pp. 57-66. (10.3406/etnor.1984.2605)

1983

Smith, H. 1983. Fisheries; Oil and Gas; Seawater; The Management Task. In: Couper, A. D. ed. The Times Atlas of the Oceans. HarperCollins

1978

Smith, H. D. 1978. Introduction. In: Anon, . ed. Second Report of the Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Truck System (Shetland). Edinburgh: Thuleprint, pp. n/a.
Smith, H. D. 1978. The Scandinavian influence in the making of modern Shetland. In: Baldwin, J. R. ed. Scandinavian Shetland: An Ongoing Tradition?. Scottish Society for Northern Studies, pp. 22-33.

1977

Smith, H. 1977. The making of modern Shetland.. The Shetland Times Ltd.

1975

Smith, H. 1975. Chapter 3: The physical setting. In: MacGregor Hutchenson, A. and Hogg, A. eds. Scotland and Oil. Oliver and Boyd

1974

Smith, H. D. 1974. Smuggling days of long ago. Part II: The voyage of the 'Catherine'. The New Shetlander 108, article number: unknown.

1973

Smith, H. 1973. The development of Shetland fisheries and fishing communities.. In: Fricke, P. H. ed. Seafarer and Community. Croom Helm

1972

Smith, H. 1972. The historical geography of trade in the Shetland Islands, 1550-1914. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen.

1971

Smith, H. D. 1971. Life and living in eighteenth-century Shetland Part I: the basis of making a living - trade and society. The New Shetlander 97, article number: Unknown.

Within the field of marine geography, the main thrusts of research are:

Development of maritime communities
Development of marine resources with emphases on offshore hydrocarbons and fisheries
Coastal management
Ocean management with particular reference to sea use management and marine spatial planning
Marine geography as an academic discipline, and its application in teaching and other professional areas

In the context of the above framework key contributions include:

Provision of a framework for classification of sea uses and sea use management;
Development of a conceptual basis for coastal and sea use management based on distinction between technical and general management functions;
Development of a stage-based approach to long-term development of the global marine economy and its associated maritime communities, particularly applicable from the eighteenth-century industrial revolution stage onwards;
Development of a conceptual framework for marine geography and its application in teaching and other areas of professional development, including surveying;
Development of a regional geographical approach to marine geography focusing on the seas around the British Isles;
Contributions to the academic study of sea use management and its associated evolution into marine spatial planning.