Professor Stephen Richmond
Professor of Orthodontics
Research Theme
Applied Clinical Research & Public Health
Research Group
Orthodontics and Three Dimensional Imaging
Research Aim
My research aim is to explain facial variation (biological make-up, anatomy, facial surface morphology and function) to inform a fully functioning biomechanical head model which is of value to improve healthcare interventions, improve wellbeing and quantify facial variation for face-wear, facial identification/forensics and computer interface industries.
Occlusal Index Courses (Please click)
IOTN: Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
PAR: Peer Assessment Rating
ICON: Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need
Professor Stephen Richmond
B.D.S.(Sheffield), MSc.D.(Cardiff), PhD (Manchester), D.Orth., R.C.S., F.D.S., R.C.S. (Edin), F.D.S., R.C.S., (Eng), FHEA
Born in Liverpool, gained dental degree in Sheffield (1979) followed by an orthodontic specialist training qualification and MSc in 3D measurement of dental casts (Cardiff, 1984). PhD University of Manchester (1985 – 1993) quantifying orthodontic treatment need and outcome (standards) in the General Dental Services in England and Wales.
1979 - 1980 Resident House Officer, Southampton General Hospital.
1980 - 1981 Resident Senior House Officer, Blackpool Victoria Hospital.
1981 General Dental Practitioner, Manchester.
1981 - 1985 Senior House Officer then Registrar in Orthodontics, Welsh National School of Medicine (Cardiff).
1985 - 1991 Lecturer/Honorary Senior Registrar in the Department of Oral Health and Development, Manchester.
1991 - 1993 Head, Orthodontic Unit - Senior Lecturer/Honorary Consultant in the Department of Oral Health and
Development, Manchester.
1993 - 1997 Reader, Department of Dental Health and Development, Head of Dental Quality Assurance - University of Wales
College of Medicine, Cardiff.
1998 - Professor of Orthodontics, Dept of Dental Health & Development, University of Wales College of Medicine,
Cardiff. Head of Department of Dental Health and Development
2001- 2007 Head, Dental Health and Biological Sciences. Honorary consultant in Orthodontics, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust.
2008- Present Head, Applied Clinical Research & Public Health Research. Honorary consultant in Orthodontics, Cardiff and
Vale University Health Board.
Honours and awards
Occlusal indices PAR Index (1992) recognized as an important event. Reported in the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics “100 years of Orthodontic History” (May 2015). Influenced orthodontic provision in over 52 countries and mandatory use in many. Led to improvements in orthodontic provision in terms of overall costs, efficiencies, effectiveness and treatment outcomes.
1992 European Orthodontic Society Research Award, Venice In last 8 years: 2 books & 12 chapters; 104 articles >10 citations. 44 articles published. 4 articles in top 10 citations Eur J Orthod & J Orthod. £2.4M Research & Higher Degree income. 5 editorial boards. Scientific reviewer Research Councils UK and overseas and NIH (USA).
5 Masters students with distinctions, 7 PhD, 8 prizes. 22 international presentations.
2019
- Farnell, D. J.et al. 2019. Multilevel principal components analysis of three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine (10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105272)
- Quach, S.et al. 2019. Factors influencing orthodontic treatment outcome in South East Wales and implications for service commissioning.. Journal of Orthodontics 46(4), pp. 311-322. (10.1177/1465312519881454)
- Xiong, Z.et al. 2019. Novel genetic loci affecting facial shape variation in humans. eLife 8, article number: e49898. (10.7554/eLife.49898)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2019. Exploring the midline soft tissue surface changes from 12 to 15 years of age in three distinct country population cohorts. European Journal of Orthodontics, pp. -. (10.1093/ejo/cjz080)
- Abbas, H. H.et al. 2019. An automatic approach for classification and categorisation of lip morphological traits. PLoS ONE 14(10), article number: e0221197. (10.1371/journal.pone.0221197)
2018
- Farnell, D.et al. 2018. What's in a smile? Initial analyses of dynamic changes in facial shape and appearance. Journal of Imaging 5(1), article number: 2. (10.3390/jimaging5010002)
- Hoskens, H.et al. 2018. Spatially dense 3D facial heritability and modules of co-heritability in a father-offspring design. Frontiers in Genetics 9, article number: 554. (10.3389/fgene.2018.00554)
- Indencleef, K.et al. 2018. Six NSCL/P loci show associations with normal-range craniofacial variation. Frontiers in Genetics 9, article number: 502. (10.3389/fgene.2018.00502)
- Richmond, S., Wilson-Nagrani, C. and Paternoster, L. 2018. Non-syndromic cleft lip and palate polymorphisms affect normal lip morphology. Frontiers in Genetics 9, article number: 413. (10.3389/fgene.2018.00413)
- Roosenboom, J.et al. 2018. SNPs associated with testosterone levels influence human facial morphology. Frontiers in Genetics 9, article number: 497. (10.3389/fgene.2018.00497)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2018. Facial genetics: A brief overview. Frontiers in Genetics 9, article number: 462. (10.3389/fgene.2018.00462)
- Farnell, D. J.et al. 2018. What’s in a Smile? Initial results of multilevel principal components analysis of facial shape and image texture. In: Nixon, M., Mahmoodi, S. and Zwiggelaar, R. eds. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis: 22nd Conference, MIUA 2018, Southampton, UK, July 9-11, 2018, Proceedings. Communications in Computer and Information Science Springer, pp. 177-188., (10.1007/978-3-319-95921-4_18)
- Cordell, H. J.et al. 2018. Investigating the shared genetics of non-syndromic cleft lip/palate and facial morphology. PLoS Genetics 14(8), article number: e1007501. (10.1371/journal.pgen.1007501)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2018. Factors influencing facial shape. In: Evidence‐Based Orthodontics. Wiley, pp. 69-81., (10.1002/9781119289999.ch6)
- Abbas, H.et al. 2018. A 3D morphometric perspective for facial gender analysis and classification using geodesic path curvature features. Computational Visual Media 4(1), pp. 17-32. (10.1007/s41095-017-0097-1)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2018. Factors influencing facial shape. In: Huang, G. J., Richmond, S. and Vig, K. W. eds. Evidence Based Orthodontics. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 69-81.
- Huang, G. J., Richmond, S. and VIg, K. W. Huang, G. J., Richmond, S. and Vig, K. W. eds. 2018. Evidence based orthodontics. John Wiley & Sons.
2017
- Farnell, D.et al. 2017. Initial results of multilevel principal components analysis of facial shape. Presented at: MIUA 2017: Annual Conference on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis, Edinburgh, UK, 11-13 July 2017 Presented at Valdes Hernandez, M. and Gonzalez Castro, V. eds.Medical Image Understanding and Analysis, Vol. 723. Communications in Computer and Information Science Cham: Springer pp. 674-685., (10.1007/978-3-319-60964-5_59)
2016
- Djordjevic, J., Zhurov, A. and Richmond, S. 2016. Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study. PLoS ONE 11(9), article number: e0162250. (10.1371/journal.pone.0162250)
- Farnell, D. J. J., Popat, H. and Richmond, S. 2016. Multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA) in shape analysis: a feasibility study in medical and dental imaging. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 129, pp. 149-159. (10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.01.005)
2015
- Al Ali, A.et al. 2015. The influence of snoring, mouth breathing and apnoea on facial morphology in late childhood: a three-dimensional study. BMJ Open 5(9), article number: e009027. (10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009027)
- Robson, N.et al. 2015. Effectiveness of an audience response system on orthodontic knowledge retention of undergraduate dental students - a randomised control trial. Journal of Orthodontics 42(4), pp. 307-314., article number: 1465313315Y.000. (10.1179/1465313315Y.0000000012)
- Alqattan, M.et al. 2015. Comparison between landmark and surface-based three-dimensional analyses of facial asymmetry in adults. European Journal of Orthodontics 37(1), pp. 1-12. (10.1093/ejo/cjt075)
2014
- Al Ali, A.et al. 2014. A three-dimensional analysis of the effect of atopy on face shape. European Journal of Orthodontics 36(5), pp. 506-511. (10.1093/ejo/cjs107)
- Pound, N.et al. 2014. Facial fluctuating asymmetry is not associated with childhood ill-health in a large British cohort study. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281(1792), article number: 20141639. (10.1098/rspb.2014.1639)
- Dordevic, J.et al. 2014. Three-dimensional quantification of facial symmetry in adolescents using laser surface scanning. European Journal of Orthodontics 36(2), pp. 125-132. (10.1093/ejo/cjr091)
- Krneta, B.et al. 2014. Three-dimensional evaluation of facial morphology in children aged 5-6 years with a Class III malocclusion. European Journal of Orthodontics 36(2), pp. 133-139. (10.1093/ejo/cjs018)
2013
- Popat, H.et al. 2013. Preparing for practice - calibration of dental undergraduate students in the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. British Dental Journal 215(9), pp. 469-471. (10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.1043)
- Dordevic, J.et al. 2013. Three-dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 16(3), pp. 146-160. (10.1111/ocr.12012)
- Fatemifar, G.et al. 2013. Genome-wide association study of primary tooth eruption identifies pleiotropic loci associated with height and craniofacial distances. Human Molecular Genetics 22(18), pp. 3807-3817. (10.1093/hmg/ddt231)
- Dordevic, J.et al. 2013. Three-dimensional longitudinal assessment of facial symmetry in adolescents. European Journal of Orthodontics 35(2), pp. 143-151. (10.1093/ejo/cjr006)
- Popat, H.et al. 2013. A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of lip shape during speech: development of a clinical outcome measure. PLoS ONE 8(2), article number: e57368. (10.1371/journal.pone.0057368)
- Primozic, J.et al. 2013. Three-dimensional evaluation of early crossbite correction: a longitudinal study. European Journal of Orthodontics 35(1), pp. 7-13. (10.1093/ejo/cjq198)
- Parker, G.et al. 2013. A pitfall in the reconstruction of fibre ODFs using spherical deconvolution of diffusion MRI data. NeuroImage 65, pp. 433-448. (10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.022)
- Wilson, C.et al. 2013. The prevalence of lip vermilion morphological traits in a 15-year-old population. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 161(1), pp. 4-12. (10.1002/ajmg.a.35515)
- Primozic, J.et al. 2013. The association of tongue posture with the dentoalveolar maxillary and mandibular morphology in Class III malocclusion: a controlled study. European Journal of Orthodontics 35(3), pp. 388-393. (10.1093/ejo/cjs015)
- Dordevic, J.et al. 2013. A population-based cross-sectional study of the association between facial morphology and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. BMJ Open 3(5), article number: :e002910. (10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002910)
2012
- Primozic, J.et al. 2012. Assessment of facial asymmetry in growing subjects with a three-dimensional laser scanning system. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 15(4), pp. 237-244. (10.1111/j.1601-6343.2012.01550.x)
- Al Ali, A.et al. 2012. The influence of asthma on face shape: a three-dimensional study. European Journal of Orthodontics 36(4), pp. 373-380. (10.1093/ejo/cjs067)
- Primožič, J.et al. 2012. Three-dimensional longitudinal evaluation of palatal vault changes in growing subjects. The Angle Orthodontist 82(4), pp. 632-636. (10.2319/070111-426.1)
- Lu, Y.et al. 2012. Numerical modelling of the fibre–matrix interaction in biaxial loading for hyperelastic soft tissue models. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 28(4), pp. 401-411. (10.1002/cnm.1455)
- Paternoster, L.et al. 2012. Genome-wide association study of three-dimensional facial morphology identifies a variant in PAX3 associated with nasion position. American Journal of Human Genetics 90(3), pp. 478-485. (10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.021)
- Popat, H.et al. 2012. Statistical modelling of lip movement in the clinical context. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 15(2), pp. 92-102. (10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01539.x)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2012. Detailing patient specific modeling to aid clinical decision-making. Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics 5, pp. 105-131. (10.1007/978-94-007-4552-0_5)
- Popat, H.et al. 2012. Three-dimensional assessment of functional change following Class 3 orthognathic correction - a preliminary report. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 40(1), pp. 36-42. (10.1016/j.jcms.2010.12.005)
- Toma, A. M.et al. 2012. The assessment of facial variation in 4747 British school children. European Journal of Orthodontics 34(6), pp. 655-664. (10.1093/ejo/cjr106)
- Richmond, S., Zhurov, A. I. and Toma, A. M. 2012. Three-dimensional facial imaging. In: Wilkinson, C. and Rynn, C. eds. Craniofacial Identification. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154-165.
- Richmond, S. and Karki, A. 2012. Complexities associated with orthodontic services in the National Health Service. British Dental Journal 212(3), article number: E5. (10.1038/sj.bdj.2012.98)
2011
- Lu, Y. T.et al. 2011. Parametric study of a Hill-type hyperelastic skeletal muscle model. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H-Journal of Engineering in Medicine 225(H5), pp. 437-447. (10.1177/2041303310392632)
- Popat, H.et al. 2011. Facial Movement in 3 Dimensions: Average Templates of Lip Movement in Adults. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 145(1), pp. 24-29. (10.1177/0194599811401701)
- Sidorov, K. A., Richmond, S. and Marshall, A. D. 2011. Efficient groupwise non-rigid registration of textured surfaces. Presented at: 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2011), Colorado Springs, CO, USA, 20-25 June 2011IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011, Providence, RI, 20-25 June 2011. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE pp. 2401-2408., (10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995632)
- Lu, Y. T.et al. 2011. Modelling skeletal muscle fibre orientation arrangement. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 14(12), pp. 1079-1088. (10.1080/10255842.2010.509100)
2010
- Lu, Y. T.et al. 2010. A visco-hyperelastic model for skeletal muscle tissue under high strain rates. Journal of Biomechanics 43(13), pp. 2629-2632. (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.05.030)
- Popat, H., Richmond, S. and Drage, N. 2010. Erratum: Cutting Edge: New developments in: Threedimensional planning for orthognathic surgery (Journal of Orthodontics (2010) 37:1 (62-71)). Journal of Orthodontics 37(4), pp. 319. (10.1179/14653121043299)
- Popat, H., Richmond, S. and Drage, N. 2010. New developments in: three-dimensional planning for orthognathic surgery. Journal of Orthodontics 37(1), pp. 62-71. (10.1179/14653121042885)
- Beldie, L.et al. 2010. Finite element modelling of maxillofacial surgery and facial expressions - A preliminary study. International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery 6(4), pp. 422-430. (10.1002/rcs.352)
- Božič, M.et al. 2010. Novel method of 3-dimensional soft-tissue analysis for Class III patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 138(6), pp. 758-769. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.01.033)
- Kau, C. H.et al. 2010. Use of 3-dimensional surface acquisition to study facial morphology in 5 populations. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 137(4 SUPP), pp. S56.e1-S56.e9. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.04.022)
- Popat, H.et al. 2010. A comparison of the reproducibility of verbal and nonverbal facial gestures using three-dimensional motion analysis. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 142(6), pp. 867-72. (10.1016/j.otohns.2010.03.003)
- Lu, Y. T.et al. 2010. Modelling the fibre orientation arrangement of skeletal muscle using FEM-NURBS method. Presented at: 9th International Symposium Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Valencia, Spain, 24-27 February 2010 Presented at Middleton, J. ed.Proceedings of the 9th Intl Symposium of Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering (CMBBE2010) Valencia, Spain 24 – 27 Feb 2010. Solihull: Arup
- Zhurov, A. I.et al. 2010. Averaging facial images. In: Kau, C. H. and Richmond, S. eds. Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery. London: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 126-144.
- Richmond, S.et al. 2010. Visualizing facial growth. In: Kau, C. H. and Richmond, S. eds. Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery. London: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 207-225.
2009
- Macfarlane, T. V.et al. 2009. Twenty-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: Temporomandibular disorders. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 135(6), pp. 692.e1-692.e8. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.10.017)
- Deans, J.et al. 2009. An exploratory study of the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic care in seven European countries. European Journal of Orthodontics 31(1), pp. 90-94. (10.1093/ejo/cjn040)
- Toma, A. M.et al. 2009. Reproducibility of facial soft tissue landmarks on 3D laser-scanned facial images. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 12(1), pp. 33-42. (10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.01435.x)
- Popat, H.et al. 2009. Quantitative analysis of facial movement - A review of three-dimensional imaging techniques. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 33(5), pp. 377-383. (10.1016/j.compmedimag.2009.03.003)
- Sidorov, K. A., Richmond, S. and Marshall, A. D. 2009. An efficient stochastic approach to groupwise non-rigid image registration. Presented at: CVPR 2009, Miami Beach, FL, USA, 20-25 June 2009IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009 (CVPR 2009), Miami, FL, 20-25 June 2009. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE pp. 2208-2213., (10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206516)
- Bryant, J. A., Drage, N. and Richmond, S. 2009. Is it time to set a Hounsfield standard? [Letter]. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 38(5), pp. 306. (10.1259/dmfr/30842473)
- Božič, M.et al. 2009. Facial morphology of Slovenian and Welsh white populations using 3-dimensional imaging. Angle Orthodontist 79(4), pp. 640-645.
- Macfarlane, T. V.et al. 2009. Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 37(5), pp. 438-450. (10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00482.x)
- Mwangi, C. W., Richmond, S. and Hunter, M. L. 2009. Relationship between malocclusion, orthodontic treatment, and tooth wear. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 136(4), pp. 529-535. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.11.030)
- Primozic, J.et al. 2009. Early crossbite correction: a three-dimensional evaluation. European Journal of Orthodontics 31(4), pp. 352-356. (10.1093/ejo/cjp041)
- Richmond, S., Toma, A. M. and Zhurov, A. 2009. New perspectives on craniofacial growth. Nouvelles perspectives sur la croissance cranio-faciale. 80(4), pp. 359-369.
- Lu, Y. T.et al. 2009. Three dimensional skeletal muscle tissue modelling. Presented at: 1st international conference on biodental engineering, Porto, Portugal, 26-27 June 2009Biodental engineering : proceedings of the 1 International Conference on Biodental Engineering, Porto, Portugal, 26-27 June 2009. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC
- Athanasiou, A. E.et al. 2009. World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) Guidelines for Postgraduate Orthodontic Education. World Journal of Orthodontics 10(2), pp. 153-166.
- Sidorov, K. A., Richmond, S. and Marshall, D. 2009. An efficient stochastic approach to groupwise non-rigid image registration. IEEE. (10.1109/CVPRW.2009.5206516)
2008
- Popat, H.et al. 2008. Three-dimensional motion analysis - an exploratory study. Part 1: Assessment of facial movement. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 11(4), pp. 216-223. (10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00433.x)
- Toma, A. M.et al. 2008. A three-dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British-Caucasian sample aged 15 1/2 years old. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 11(3), pp. 180-185. (10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x)
- Popat, H.et al. 2008. Three-dimensional motion analysis - an exploratory study. Part 2: Reproducibility of facial movement. Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research 11(4), pp. 224-228. (10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00435.x)
- Bryant, J., Drage, N. and Richmond, S. 2008. Study of the scan uniformity from an i-CAT cone beam computed tomography dental imaging system. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 37(7), pp. 365-374. (10.1259/dmfr/13227258)
- Dunstan, F. D. J.et al. 2008. League tables for orthodontists. European Journal of Orthodontics 30(6), pp. 636-640. (10.1093/ejo/cjn036)
- Hunter, L. J.et al. 2008. The Cardiff Dental Survey: oral hygiene, gingival and periodontal health in relation to smoking in young adults. International Journal of Dental Hygiene 6(3), pp. 199-204. (10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00311.x)
- Kau, C. H. and Richmond, S. 2008. Three-dimensional analysis of facial morphology surface changes in untreated children from 12 to 14 years of age. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 134(6), pp. 751-760. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.01.037)
2007
- Hunter, M. L.et al. 2007. The Cardiff dental survey: oral hygiene and gingival health between the ages of 11-12 and 30-31 years. British dental journal 203(E23) (10.1038/bdj.2007.964)
- Shaw, W. C.et al. 2007. A 20-year cohort study of health gain from orthodontic treatment: psychological outcome. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 132(2), pp. 146-157. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.04.009)
- Kau, C. H., Cronin, A. J. and Richmond, S. 2007. A 3-Dimensional evaluation of post-operative swelling following orthognathic surgery at 6 months. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 119(7), pp. 2192-2199. (10.1097/01.prs.0000260707.99001.79)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2007. The relationship of medical and dental factors to perceived general and dental health. Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology 35(2), pp. 89-97. (10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00296.x)
- Sidorov, K. A.et al. 2007. Towards efficient 3D facial appearance models. Presented at: The ACM SIGGRAPH / Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, San Diego, CA, USA, 3-4 August 2007 Presented at Gleicher, M. and Thalmann, D. eds.Computer Animation 2007 : ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation : San Diego, California, August 3-4, 2007. New York, N.Y.: Eurographics Association pp. 1-2.
2006
- Seager, J. M.et al. 2006. A randomised controlled trial of clinical outreach education to rationalise antibiotic prescribing for acute dental pain in the primary care setting. British Dental Journal 201(4), pp. 217-222. (10.1038/sj.bdj.4813879)
- Ong, E., Playle, R. A. and Richmond, S. 2006. Peer assessment of dental attractiveness. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics 130(2), pp. 163-169. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.02.018)
- Kau, C. H.et al. 2006. The 3-Dimensional construction of the average 11 year old child face: A clinical evaluation and application. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 64(7), pp. 1086-1092. (10.1016/j.joms.2006.03.013)
2005
- Kau, C. H.et al. 2005. Reliability of measuring facial morphology with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 128(4), pp. 424-430. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.06.037)
- Playle, R. A. and Richmond, S. 2005. An update on the analysis of agreement for orthodontic indices. The European Journal of Orthodontics 27(3), pp. 286-291. (10.1093/ejo/cjh078)
- Tatarunaite, E.et al. 2005. Facial attractiveness: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 127(6), pp. 676-682. (10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.01.029)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2005. Measuring the cost, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of orthodontic care. World journal of orthodontics 6(2), pp. 161-170.
2004
- Kau, C. H.et al. 2004. Extractions as a form of interception in the developing dentition: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthodontics 31(2), pp. 107-114. (10.1179/146531204225020391)
- Richmond, S.et al. 2004. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic provision. Dental Update 31(3), pp. 146-152.
2003
- Liepa, A.et al. 2003. Orthodontic treatment need in Latvia. The European Journal of Orthodontics 25(3), pp. 279-284. (10.1093/ejo/25.3.279)
2001
- Chadwick, B. L.et al. 2001. The longevity of dental restorations: a systematic review. York: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York. Available at: http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/crd/CRD_Reports/crdreport19.pdf
- Chadwick, B. L.et al. 2001. Challenges with studies investigating longevity of dental restorations—a critique of a systematic review. Journal of dentistry 29(3), pp. 155-161. (10.1016/S0300-5712(01)00003-3)
1999
- Chadwick, B. L.et al. 1999. What type of filling? Best practice in dental restorations. Quality in Health Care 8(3), pp. 202-207. (10.1136/qshc.8.3.202)
1. Quality of orthodontic treatment provision (click for an
example of report)
- Access - Need - Case mix - Type of care provided - Workforce - Efficiency - Cost - Effectiveness
2. 3D facial imaging (click for a free booklet in the ibook
store)
- identifying detailed facial morphology - patient specific dynamic biomechanical model for facial surgery
- objective facial dynamic outcome assessments for orthognathic surgery - Facial growth in UK, Finnish and Latvian cohorts
- Influence of medical and environment on facial shape - Identifying facial muscle fibre orientation using MRI