Professor Robert J Snowden
BSc York PhD Cantab
Professor
- snowden@cardiff.ac.uk
- +44 (0)29 2087 4937
- 5.14, Tower Building, 70 Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT
- Media commentator
- Available for postgraduate supervision
Overview
My interests are in serious offending. I look at methods of understanding why this occurs at the cognitive and behavioural level (what are the thoughts and motivations behind these action) as well as the biological underpinnings of these behaviours.
My research mainly covers violence (including murder) and sexual violence (rape, child molestation, paedophilia, etc). I therefore have interests in concepts such as psychopaths, personality disorders and mental illness as it relates to offending and violence.
I run courses for professionals on risk assessment of violence in offenders and mentally disordered offenders.
I have an interest in human sexuality and sexual interests which include both normal interests (heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, etc) as well as deviant sexual interests (eg, paedophilia and other paraphilias).
I also conduct research of vision and visual perception and am the author of the textbook "Basic Vision" (OUP).
Biography
Undergraduate education
York University – BSc Psychology (1985)
Postgraduate education
Cambridge University – PhD Experimental Psychology (1989)
Employment
Post-doctoral research Fellow Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Professional memberships
- Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy.
Academic positions
- Post-doctoral research fellow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Speaking engagements
Interviews with 20/20 (American TV) and several programmes in UK. Around 100 radio interviews.
Publications
2022
- Pink, J.et al. 2022. Refining the relationship between psychopathy, aggression, and rule-breaking by gender: A comparison of the Triarchic and Septarchic models of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences 185, article number: 111282. (10.1016/j.paid.2021.111282)
2021
- Gray, N.et al. 2021. The triarchic model of psychopathy and antisocial behavior: results from an offender population with personality disorder. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36(17-18), pp. NP9130-NP9152. (10.1177/0886260519853404)
- Pink, J.et al. 2021. Psychological distress and resilience in first responders and health care workers during the COVID?19 pandemic. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology (10.1111/joop.12364)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2021. Explicit and implicit hopelessness and self-injury. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 51(3), pp. 606-615. (10.1111/sltb.12743)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2021. Structured professional judgment to assist the evaluation and safety planning of suicide risk: The Risk of Suicide Protocol (RoSP). Frontiers in Psychiatry 12, article number: 607120. (10.3389/fpsyt.2021.607120)
- Knowles, J. R.et al. 2021. The role of hope and resilience in protecting against suicidal thoughts and behaviors during the Covid-19 pandemic. Archives of Suicide Research (10.1080/13811118.2021.1923599)
- Roy, S.et al. 2021. Triarchic or septarchic?—uncovering the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure’s (TriPM) structure. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 12(1), pp. 1-15. (10.1037/per0000392)
- Snowden, R. J.et al. 2021. Explicit and implicit self-esteem and aggression: Differential effects of agency and communion. Journal of Interpersonal Violence (10.1177/0886260520985490)
- Simkiss, N. J.et al. 2021. Development and psychometric properties of the Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Scales (KAMHS): a psychometric measure of Mental Health Literacy in children and adolescents. BMC Pediatrics
2020
- Olver, M.et al. 2020. Reliability and validity of the psychopathy checklist-revised in the assessment of risk for institutional violence: a cautionary note on DeMatteo et al. (2020). Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 26(4), pp. 490-510. (10.1037/law0000256)
- Hare, R. D.et al. 2020. The PCL-R and capital sentencing: a commentary on “Death is Different". Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 26(4), pp. 519-522. (10.1037/law0000290)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2020. The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental wellbeing and psychological distress: impact upon a single country. Frontiers in Psychiatry 11, article number: 594115. (10.3389/fpsyt.2020.594115)
- Burley, D. T.et al. 2020. Emotional modulation of the pupil in psychopathy: a test of the response modulation hypothesis. International Journal of Psychophysiology 155, pp. 168-174. (10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.06.008)
- Mckinnon, A. I., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2020. Enhanced emotional response to both negative and positive images in post-traumatic stress disorder: evidence from pupillometry. Biological Psychology 154, article number: 107922. (10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107922)
- Gray, N. S., Davies, H. and Snowden, R. J. 2020. Reducing stigma and increasing workplace productivity due to mental health difficulties in a large government organization in the UK: A protocol for a randomised control treatment trial (RCT) of a low intensity psychological intervention and stigma reduction programme for common mental disorder (Prevail). BMC Public Health 20, article number: 896. (10.1186/s12889-020-09054-0)
- Snowden, R. J.et al. 2020. Sexual attraction to both genders in ambiphilic men: Evidence from implicit cognitions. Archives of Sexual Behavior 49, pp. 503-515. (10.1007/s10508-019-01552-6)
- Amad, S., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2020. Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: different types of self-esteem predict different types of aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence (10.1177/0886260520905540)
- Roy, S.et al. 2020. The perils of untested assumptions in theory testing: a reply to Patrick et al. (2020). Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 12(1), pp. 24-28. (10.1037/per0000461)
- Simkiss, N.et al. 2020. Improving mental health literacy in Year 9 high school children across Wales: A protocol for a randomised control treatment trial (RCT) of a mental health literacy programme across an entire country.. BMC Public Health 20, article number: 727. (10.1186/s12889-020-08736-z)
2019
- Snowden, R.et al. 2019. WARRN – a formulation-based risk assessment process: Its implementation and impact across a whole country. Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 14(6), pp. 399-410. (10.1108/JMHTEP-03-2019-0016)
- Gray, N. S., Tiller, J. L. and Snowden, R. J. 2019. WARRN - A formulation-based risk assessment procedure for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS): The view of clinicians. Journal of Forensic Practice 21(4), pp. 228-239. (10.1108/JFP-06-2019-0025)
- Burley, D., Gray, N. and Snowden, R. 2019. Emotion modulation of the pupil response in psychopathy. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. 10(4), pp. 365-375. (10.1037/per0000313)
- Blumenthal, S.et al. 2019. Implicit measurement of violence-related cognitions. Psychology of Violence 9(2), pp. 235-243. (10.1037/vio0000194)
- Gray, N. S., Weidacker, K. and Snowden, R. J. 2019. Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of psychopathy to different aspects of UPPS-P impulsivity. Psychiatry Research 272, pp. 474-482. (10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.155)
- Snowden, R.et al. 2019. Pupillary responses to static images of men and women. A possible measure of sexual interest?. Journal of Sex Research 56(1), pp. 74-84. (10.1080/00224499.2017.1394959)
2017
- Weidacker, K.et al. 2017. Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of the triarchic model of psychopathy to different forms of impulsivity in offenders and community participants. Personality and Individual Differences 114, pp. 134-139.
- Canning, A.et al. 2017. Gender differences in the relationship between self-esteem and aggression in young people leaving care. Violence and Gender 4(2), pp. 49-54. (10.1089/vio.2017.0002)
- Weidacker, K.et al. 2017. Response inhibition in the parametric Go/No-Go task in psychopathic offenders. Psychiatry Research 250, pp. 256-263. (10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.083)
- Burley, D. T., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2017. As far as the eye can see: Relationship between psychopathic traits and pupil response to affective stimuli. PLoS ONE 12(1), article number: e0167436. (10.1371/journal.pone.0167436)
- Snowden, R., Smith, C. and Gray, N. S. 2017. Risk taking and the triarchic model of psychopathy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 39(10), pp. 988-1001. (10.1080/13803395.2017.1300236)
2016
- Snowden, R. J.et al. 2016. The pupil's response to affective pictures: Role of image duration, habituation, and viewing mode. Psychophysiology 53(8), pp. 1217-1223. (10.1111/psyp.12668)
- Kanters, T.et al. 2016. Are child abusers sexually attracted to submissiveness? Assessment of sex-related cognition with the implicit association test. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 28(5), pp. 448-468. (10.1177/1079063214544330)
- Snowden, R. J.et al. 2016. Automatic direction of spatial attention to male versus female stimuli: a comparison of heterosexual men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior 45(4), pp. 843-853. (10.1007/s10508-015-0678-y)
- Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2016. Psychopathy in women: Prediction of criminality and violence in UK and USA psychiatric patients resident in the community. Psychiatry Research 237, pp. 339-343. (10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.014)
2015
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2015. The Aggression and Vulnerablility Scale (AVS) for the measurement of inpatient behaviors: A demonstration of reliability. Austin Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences 2(3), article number: 1045.
- Zwets, A. J.et al. 2015. Implicit attitudes toward violence and their relation to psychopathy, aggression, and socially adaptive behaviors in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 26(5), pp. 632-651. (10.1080/14789949.2015.1037331)
2013
- Craig, R. L., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2013. Recalled parental bonding, current attachment, and the triarchic conceptualisation of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences 55(4), pp. 345-350. (10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.012)
- Snowden, R. J. and Gray, N. S. 2013. Implicit sexual associations in heterosexual and homosexual women and men. Archives of Sexual Behavior 42(3), pp. 475-485. (10.1007/s10508-012-9920-z)
- Snowden, R. J., Craig, R. L. and Gray, N. S. 2013. Detection and recognition of emotional expressions: Effects of traits of personality disorder and gender. Personality and Individual Differences 54(2), pp. 158-163. (10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.007)
2012
- Tales, A.et al. 2012. Intra-individual reaction time variability in aMCI: A precursor to dementia?. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 32(2), pp. 457-466. (10.3233/JAD-2012-120505)
2011
- Tales, A.et al. 2011. Exogenous phasic alerting and spatial orienting in mild cognitive impairment compared to healthy ageing: study outcome is related to target response. Cortex 47(2), pp. 180-190. (10.1016/j.cortex.2009.09.007)
- Fitzgerald, S.et al. 2011. Risk factors for recidivism in offenders with intellectual disabilities. Psychology, Crime & Law 17(1), pp. 43-58. (10.1080/10683160903392293)
- Snowden, R. J., Craig, R. L. and Gray, N. S. 2011. Indirect behavioral measures of cognition among sexual offenders. Journal of Sex Research 48(2-3), pp. 192-217. (10.1080/00224499.2011.557750)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2011. The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): A prospective sudy of inpatient behavior. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 10(4), pp. 305-313. (10.1080/14999013.2011.631692)
- Tales, A.et al. 2011. Visual search in mild cognitive impairment: A longitudinal study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 24(1), pp. 151-160. (10.3233/JAD-2010-101818)
- Gray, N. S., Taylor, J. and Snowden, R. J. 2011. Predicting violence using structured professional judgment in patients with different mental and behavioral disorders. Psychiatry Research 187(1-2), pp. 248-253. (10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.011)
- Snowden, R. J. and Gray, N. S. 2011. Impulsivity and psychopathy: Associations between the Barrett Impulsivity Scale and the Psychopathy Checklist revised. Psychiatry Research 187(3), pp. 414-417. (10.1016/j.psychres.2011.02.003)
- Copestake, S., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2011. A comparison of a self-report measure of psychopathy with the psychopathy checklist-revised in a UK sample of offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 22(2), pp. 169-182. (10.1080/14789949.2010.545134)
- Morgan, J. E., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2011. The relationship between psychopathy and impulsivity: A multi-impulsivity measurement approach. Personality and Individual Differences 51(4), pp. 429-434. (10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.043)
2010
- Snowden, R. J., Gray, N. S. and Taylor, J. 2010. Risk Assessment for Future Violence in Individuals from an Ethnic Minority Group. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 9(2), pp. 118-123. (10.1080/14999013.2010.501845)
- Snowden, R. J. and Gray, N. S. 2010. Temperament and character as a function of psychopathy: relationships between the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised and the Temperament and Character Inventory in a sample of personality disordered serious or repeat offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 21(6), pp. 815-833. (10.1080/14789949.2010.506617)
- Cvencek, D.et al. 2010. Faking of the Implicit Association Test is statistically detectable and partly correctable. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 32(4), pp. 302-314. (10.1080/01973533.2010.519236)
- Snowden, R. J. and Gray, N. S. 2010. Implicit social cognition in forensic settings. In: Gawronski, B. and Payne, B. K. eds. Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, and Applications. New York: Guilford, pp. 522-534.
2009
- Freeman, T. C. A.et al. 2009. Do we have direct access to retinal image motion during smooth pursuit eye movements?. Journal of Vision 9(1), article number: 33. (10.1167/9.1.33)
- Snowden, R. J.et al. 2009. Assessing Risk of Future Violence Among Forensic Psychiatric Inpatients With the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR). Psychiatric Services 60(11), pp. 1522-1526. (10.1176/appi.ps.60.11.1522)
- Brown, A., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2009. Implicit Measurement of Sexual Associations in Child Sex Abusers: Role of Victim Type and Denial. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 21(2), pp. 166-180. (10.1177/1079063209332234)
- Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2009. The implicit association test as a measure of sexual interest. In: Thornton, D. and Laws, D. R. eds. Cognitive Approaches to the Assessment of Sexual Interest in Sexual Offenders. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 101-124.
2008
- Andrew, E., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2008. The relationship between trauma and beliefs about hearing voices: a study of psychiatric and non-psychiatric voice hearers. Psychological Medicine 38(10), pp. 1409-1417. (10.1017/S003329170700253X)
- Snowden, R. J., Wichter, J. and Gray, N. S. 2008. Implicit and explicit measurements of sexual preference in gay and heterosexual men: a comparison of priming techniques and the Implicit Association Task. Archives of Sexual Behavior 37(4), pp. 558-565. (10.1007/s10508-006-9138-z)
- Gray, N. S., Taylor, J. and Snowden, R. J. 2008. Predicting violent reconvictions using the HCR-20. British Journal of Psychiatry 192(5), pp. 384-387. (10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044065)
2007
- Fitzgerald, S., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2007. A Comparison of WAIS-R and WAIS-III in the Lower IQ Range: Implications for Learning Disability Diagnosis. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 20(4), pp. 323-330. (10.1111/j.1468-3148.2006.00349.x)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2007. Predicting future reconviction in offenders with intellectual disabilities: The predictive efficacy of VRAG, PCL-SV, and the HCR-20. Psychological Assessment 19(4), pp. 474-479. (10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.474)
- Evans, L. H., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2007. A new continuous within-participants latent inhibition task: Examining associations with schizotypy dimensions, smoking status and gender. Biological Psychology 74(3), pp. 365-373. (10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.09.007)
- Snowden, R. J.et al. 2007. Actuarial prediction of violent recidivism in mentally disordered offenders. Psychological Medicine 37(11), pp. 1539-1549. (10.1017/S0033291707000876)
- Walters, G. D.et al. 2007. A taxometric analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV): Further evidence of dimensionality. Psychological Assessment 19(3), pp. 330-339. (10.1037/1040-3590.19.3.330)
- Evans, L. H., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2007. Reduced P50 suppression is associated with the cognitive disorganisation dimension of schizotypy. Schizophrenia Research 97(1-3), pp. 152-162. (10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.019)
2006
- Snowden, R. J. and Kavanagh, E. 2006. Motion perception in the ageing visual system: Minimum motion, motion coherence, and speed discrimination thresholds. Perception 35(1), pp. 9-24. (10.1068/p5399)
- Tales, A.et al. 2006. Alerting and orienting in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 20(6), pp. 752-756. (10.1037/0894-4105.20.6.752)
- Tales, A. and Snowden, R. J. 2006. Alerting and orienting in Alzheimer's disease: Are they interdependent? Reply to Festa et al. (2006). Neuropsychology 20(6), pp. 761-762. (10.1037/0894-4105.20.6.761)
- Zhaoping, L. and Snowden, R. J. 2006. A theory of a saliency map in primary visual cortex (V1) tested by psychophysics of colour-orientation interference in texture segmentation. Visual Cognition 14(4-8), pp. 911-933. (10.1080/13506280500196035)
2005
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2005. An implicit test of associations between children and sex in pedophiles. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114(2), pp. 304-308. (10.1037/0021-843X.114.2.304)
- Tales, A.et al. 2005. Abnormal visual search in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase 11(1), pp. 80-84. (10.1080/13554790490896974)
- Tales, A.et al. 2005. Abnormal spatial and non-spatial cueing effects in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase 11(1), pp. 85-92. (10.1080/13554790490896983)
- Evans, L. H., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2005. Prepulse inhibition of startle and its moderation by schizotypy and smoking. Psychophysiology 42(2), pp. 223-231. (10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00280.x)
- Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2005. The relevance of irrelevance to schizophrenia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 29(6), pp. 989-999. (10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.01.006)
2004
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2004. Relative efficacy of criminological, clinical and personality measures of future risk of offending in mentally disordered offenders: a comparative study of HCR-20, PCL:SV, and OGRS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 72(3), pp. 523-530. (10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.523)
- Evans, L. H., Gray, N. S. and Snowden, R. J. 2004. Facilitation and reduction of prepulse inhibition: Relationships to the positive and negative dimensions of psychometric schizotypy [Abstract]. Schizophrenia Research 67(S1), pp. 127-128. (10.1016/j.schres.2003.10.001)
- Snowden, R. J.et al. 2004. Implicit affective associations to violence in psychopathic murderers. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 15(4), pp. 620-641. (10.1080/14789940412331313377)
- Snowden, R. J. and Freeman, T. C. A. 2004. The visual perception of motion. Current Biology 14(19), pp. R828-R831. (10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.033)
2003
- Freeman, T. C. A., Sumnall, J. H. and Snowden, R. J. 2003. The extra-retinal motion aftereffect. Journal of Vision 3(11), pp. 771-779. (10.1167/3.11.11)
- Tales, A.et al. 2003. The effects of saliency and task difficulty on visual search performance in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 42(3), pp. 335-345. (10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2003.08.002)
- Sumnall, J. H., Freeman, T. C. A. and Snowden, R. J. 2003. Optokinetic potential and the perception of head-centred speed. Vision Research 43(16), pp. 1709-1718. (10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00254-2)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2003. Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: a prospective study of the efficacy of HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 71(3), pp. 443-451. (10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.443)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2003. Forensic psychology: Violence viewed by psychopathic murderers. Nature 423(6939), pp. 497-498. (10.1038/423497a)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2003. Post-traumatic stress disorder caused in mentally disordered offenders by the committing of a serious violent or sexual offence. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 14(1), pp. 27-43. (10.1080/1478994031000074289)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2003. A demonstration of within-subjects latent inhibition in the human: limitations and advantages. Behavioural Brain Research 138(1), pp. 1-8. (10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00181-X)
2002
- Tales, A.et al. 2002. Phasic visual alertness in Alzheimer's disease and ageing. NeuroReport 13(18), pp. 2557-2560.
- Ansari, E. A., Morgan, J. E. and Snowden, R. J. 2002. Psychophysical characterisation of early functional loss in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. British Journal of Ophthalmology 86(10), pp. 1131-1135. (10.1136/bjo.86.10.1131)
- Ansari, E. A., Morgan, J. E. and Snowden, R. J. 2002. Glaucoma: squaring the psychophysics and neurobiology. British Journal of Ophthalmology 86(7), pp. 823-826. (10.1136/bjo.86.7.823)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2002. The partial reinforcement extinction effect in humans: effects of schizophrenia, schizotypy and low doses of amphetamine. Behavioural Brain Research 133(2), pp. 333-342. (10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00019-0)
- Snowden, R. J. 2002. Visual attention to color: parvocellular guidance of attentional resources?. Psychological Science 13(2), pp. 180-184. (10.1111/1467-9280.00433)
- Tales, A.et al. 2002. Spatial shifts in visual attention in normal ageing and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia 40(12), pp. 2000-2012. (10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00057-X)
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2002. Which schizotypal dimensions abolish latent inhibition?. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 41(3), pp. 271-284. (10.1348/014466502760379136)
2001
- Snowden, R. J. 2001. Contrast gain mechanism or transient channel? Why the effects of a background pattern alter over time. Vision Research 41(15), pp. 1879-1883. (10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00110-9)
- Ansari, E. A., Morgan, J. E. and Snowden, R. J. 2001. Diffuse loss of contrast sensitivity in early glaucoma [Abstract]. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 42(4), pp. S559.
- White, J. L.et al. 2001. Eyes in the sky: Human factors and uninhabited air vehicles. Journal of Defence Science 6, pp. 88-94.
- Gray, N. S.et al. 2001. Context dependent latent inhibition in adult humans. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. B: Comparative and Physiological Psychology 54(3), pp. 233-245. (10.1080/713932760)
- Doyle, M. C. and Snowden, R. J. 2001. Identification of visual stimuli is improved by accompanying auditory stimuli: The role of eye movements and sound location. Perception 30(7), pp. 795-810. (10.1068/p3126)
- Snowden, R. J., Willey, J. and Muir, J. L. 2001. Visuospatial attention: the role of target contrast and task difficulty when assessing the effects of cues. Perception 30(8), pp. 983-991. (10.1068/p3068)
2000
- Blakemore, M. R. and Snowden, R. J. 2000. Textured backgrounds alter perceived speed. Vision Research 40(6), pp. 629-638. (10.1016/S0042-6989(99)00214-X)
- Snowden, R. J. and Verstraten, F. A. J. 2000. Reply to Grunewald [Two directions at the same location?][Letter]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(3), pp. 77-78. (10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01439-4)
- Brawn, P. T. and Snowden, R. J. 2000. Attention to overlapping objects: detection and discrimination of luminance changes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 26(1), pp. 342-358. (10.1037/0096-1523.26.1.342)
1999
- Snowden, R. J. and Verstraten, F. A. J. 1999. Motion transparency: making models of motion perception transparent. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3(10), pp. 369-377. (10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01381-9)
- Brawn, P. and Snowden, R. J. 1999. Can one pay attention to a particular color?. Perception & Psychophysics 61(5), pp. 860-873. (10.3758/BF03206902)
- Snowden, R. J. and Edmunds, R. 1999. Colour and polarity contributions to global motion perception. Vision Research 39(10), pp. 1813-1822. (10.1016/S0042-6989(98)00201-6)
- Snowden, R. J. 1999. Visual perception: Here's mud in your mind's eye. Current Biology 9(9), pp. R336-R337. (10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80207-3)
- Blakemore, M. R. and Snowden, R. J. 1999. The effect of contrast upon perceived speed: a general phenomenon?. Perception 28(1), pp. 33-48. (10.1068/p2722)
- Snowden, R. J. and Rossiter, M. C. 1999. Stereoscopic depth cues can segment motion information. Perception 28(2), pp. 193-201. (10.1068/p2735)
1998
- Snowden, R. J. 1998. Shifts in perceived position following adaptation to visual motion. Current Biology 8(24), pp. 1343-1345. (10.1016/S0960-9822(07)00567-2)
- Snowden, R. J. 1998. Texture segregation and visual search: a comparison of the effects of random variations along irrelevant dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 24(5), pp. 1354-1367. (10.1037/0096-1523.24.5.1354)
- Snowden, R. J. and Hammett, S. T. 1998. The effects of surround contrast on contrast thresholds, perceived contrast and contrast discrimination. Vision Research 38(13), pp. 1935-1945. (10.1016/S0042-6989(97)00379-9)
- Snowden, R. J., Stimpson, N. and Ruddle, R. A. 1998. Speed perception fogs up as visibility drops [Letter]. Nature 392(6675), pp. 450-450. (10.1038/33049)
1997
- Snowden, R. J. and Milne, A. B. 1997. Phantom motion aftereffects - Evidence of detectors for the analysis of optic flow. Current Biology 7(10), pp. 717-722. (10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00329-0)
1996
- Snowden, R. J. and Milne, A. B. 1996. The effects of adapting to complex motions: position invariance and tuning to spiral motions. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8(5), pp. 435-452. (10.1162/jocn.1996.8.5.435)
- Snowden, R. J. and Hammett, S. T. 1996. Spatial frequency adaptation: threshold elevation and perceived contrast. Vision Research 36(12), pp. 1797-1809. (10.1016/0042-6989(95)00263-4)
1995
- Hammett, S. T. and Snowden, R. J. 1995. The effect of contrast adaptation on briefly presented stimuli. Vision Research 35(12), pp. 1721-1725. (10.1016/0042-6989(94)00283-R)
- Snowden, R. J., Ullrich, D. and Bach, M. 1995. Isolation and characteristics of a steady-state visually-evoked potential in humans related to the motion of a stimulus. Vision Research 35(10), pp. 1365-1373. (10.1016/0042-6989(95)98716-M)
- Snowden, R. J., Hess, R. F. and Waugh, S. J. 1995. The processing of temporal modulation at different levels of retinal illuminance. Vision Research 35(6), pp. 775-789. (10.1016/0042-6989(94)00158-I)
Teaching
Level 1 - teach on Psychological Research.
Level 2 -Teach on Perception, Attention and Action. I give 6 lectures on visual perception.
Level 3 - module coordinato for Forensic Psychology: Violence and crime. I teach the whole module (8 lectures, 3 workshops).
Research topics and related papers
Forensic and Clinical Psychology
My laboratory investigates the origins and management of severe problem behaviours. These include violence to others, sexual offending, suicide and self-harming behaviours, and trauma..
On-going projects include:
- WARRN - risk assessment for mental health services across Wales
- Prediction of suicide using the RoSP (Risk of Suicide Protocol)
- Self-esteem and aggression
- Emotional processing in personality disorders
- Implicit measurement of sex-related cognitions in normal populations (hetero and homosexual men and women)
- Impulsivity, psychopathy and personality disorders
- Perceptual sensitivity, strength of the nervous system and psychopathology
- Use of implicit measures
- Resilience training and mental health
- Reducing mental health-related stigma in schoolchildren
- Improving mental health in the workplac
Funding
ESRC
Research collaborators
All the work in the domain of Forensic and Clinical Psychology is done in collaboration with a Chartered Clinical and Forsensic psychologist (Professor Nicola Gray, Swansea University). We currently have projects with Action for Children, the DVLA, and with Gwent Police Force. We have a long-standing colloaboration with colleagues at the Portman CLinic (london) and at HMP Grendon (Oxfordshire).
Supervision
Postgraduate research interests
My research aims to help understand, predict and manage patients with severe behavioural problems
due to mental health issues (psychopathy, personality disorders, mental illness).
The major strands of my work are:
- Prediction and prevention of future violence and sexual violence to others
- Prediction and prevention of suicide and self-harm
- Understanding motivations and cognitions underpinning severe behavioural problems through
the use of explicit and implicit methodologies - Evaluation of training programmes designed to reduce risk, trauma, and stigmatism
The research is conducted in collaboration with a clinical and forensic psychologist (Professor Nicola Gray), and has strong links to secure units, local hospitals, prisons and, community services. We are also working with professional bodies such as the police force, the ambulance service, and the DVLA.
Motion perception: including the perception of speed, and how contrast effects (e.g. fog) and light interact to alter our perception of speed; The effects of old age on the visual system; Visual processes in various conditions (glaucoma, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease).
If you are interested in applying for a PhD, or for further information regarding my postgraduate research, please contact me directly (contact details available on the 'Overview' page), or submit a formal application.
Current students
Paula Riella - The effects of resilience training on front-line police officers.
Jamie Knowles (at Swansea University) - The Risk of Suicide Protocol (RoSP): Its usage in accident and emergancy settings
NIcola SImkiss (at Swansea University) - The Guide Cymru: Testing the efficacy in a stigma reduction programme for schoolchildren. A randomised control trial across Wales.
Alys Docksey (at Swansea University) - Prevail: A programme to reduce days lost due to mental health problens. A randomised control trial of DVLA staff.
Past projects
- Peter T. Brawn - Selectively attending to colour and objects. PhD Cardiff University (1998)
- Mark R. Blakemore - Factors involved in the perception of motion. PhD Cardiff University (1998)
- Melanie C. Doyle - Facilitatory effects of response-irrelevant sound upon the acquisition of visual targets. PhD Cardiff University (1999)
- Jennifer Willey - Exploration of the role of attentional processing in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypy. PhD Cardiff University (2001)
- Emma Kavanagh - The perception of motion in old age. PhD Cardiff University (2003)
- Jan Wichter - Supra- and subliminal priming of implicit attitudes – a tool for detecting deviant personalities. MPhil Cardiff University (2004)
- Jennifer Smith - Differentiating criminal personalities by use of implicit attitude tests. MPhil Cardiff University (2005)
- Lisa Evans - Cognitive inhibition in schizophrenia and schizotypy. PhD Cardiff University (2005)
- Anthony Brown - Implicit measurements of child-sex associations in paedophiles. PhD Cardiff University (2006)
- Suzanne Fitzgerald - Risk assessment in the learning disabled. PhD Cardiff University (2008)
- Elizabeth Andrew - Command hallucinations: compliance and dangerousness. PhD Cardiff University (2010)
- Sonja Copestake - Emotional processing and psychopathy.PhD Cardiff University (2011)
- Rebecca Pepper - Attachment, self-esteem and cognitive distortions in child molesters.PhD Cardiff University (2013)
- Katie O'Farrel - Emotional processing and psychopathic personality disorder in a sample of adult male offenders assessed using behavioural, self-report and psychophysiological measures PhD Cardiff University (2015)
- Suzanne Binti Ahmed -Self-esteem and aggression: the relationships between explicit-implicit self-esteem, narcissism, and reactive-proactive aggression. PhD Cardiff University (2015)
- Daniel Burley - In the eye of the beholder: psychopathy and pupil response to emotion PhD Cardiff University (2016)
- Aimee McKinnon - Assessing physiological sensitivity in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PhD Cardiff University (2017)
