Trosolwg
Research overview
Studies in Professor David Lloyd's Laboratory include:-
- Biological timekeeping especially in the range seconds to hours in living organisms.
- Monitoring intracellular events by non-invasive methods such as mass spectrometry, fluorescence techniques & nmr.
- Using these approaches to solve medical, environmental and industrial problems.
Cardiff Research into Infection and Parasites in Ecological Systems (CRIPES)
Bywgraffiad
- 1978-2008 Professor of Microbiology, Cardiff University
- 2001-2009 (six 1 week visits) Johns Hopkins University, Mol. Cardiobiol.
- 1999 (6 months) University of New South Wales, Biochemistry
- 1998-2009 (4 visits) AIST, Tsukuba City and Keio University
- 1998 (3 months) Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Mol. Biol
- 1997 (3 months) University of New South Wales, Biochemistry
- 1990 (4 months) Odense University (U.S. Denmark), Biochemistry
- 1986 (2 months) Harvard University, Biolabs
- 1985 (2 months) ATOMKI Debrecen
- 1984 (1 month) INRA Bordeaux
- 1982-1987 Head of the Microbiology Department, UC Cardiff, U of Wales
- 1978 Personal Chair
- 1976 -1978 Reader
- 1978 Senior Lecturer
- 1977 Guest Scientist (2 months) Rockefeller University, New York
- 1972 DSc (Sheff)
- 1969-1976 Lecturer UCC
- 1968-1979 (4 visits Wellcome, Leverhulme & RS) University of Pennsylvania
- 1967 U Pennsylvania, Biophysics, Philadelphia
- 1967-1969 Research Assistant MRC Group (Microbial Structure & Function)
- 1964-1967 ICI Research Fellowship (UC South Wales & Monmouthshire)
- 1964 PhD (Wales) (UC South Wales & Monmouthshire)
- 1961 BSc (Biochemistry, 1st Class Hons) Sheffield University
Cyhoeddiadau
2021
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2021. Oxygen levels are key to understanding “Anaerobic” protozoan pathogens with micro-aerophilic lifestyles. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance
2020
- Gilbert, K.et al. 2020. An appreciation of the prescience of Don Gilbert (1930‐2011): master of the theory and experimental unraveling of biochemical and cellular oscillatory dynamics. Cell Biology International 44(6), pp. 1283-1298. (10.1002/cbin.11341)
- Harris, M. J.et al. 2020. Detection of living cells in stratospheric samples. Presented at: International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, San Diego, CA, US, 29 July - 3 August 2001Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology IV, Vol. 4495. Proceedings SPIE pp. 192-198., (10.1117/12.454758)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2020. Functional imaging of a model unicell: Spironucleus vortens as an anaerobic but aerotolerant flagellated protist. Advances in Microbial Physiology 76, pp. 41-79. (10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.01.002)
2019
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2019. Bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri: bacteria respond quickly and sensitively to pulsed microwave electric (but not magnetic) fields. Journal of Biomedical Optics 24(5), article number: 51412. (10.1117/1.JBO.24.5.051412)
- Groves, L. M.et al. 2019. Fluorescent functionalised naphthalimides and their Au(i)–NHC complexes for potential use in cellular bioimaging. Dalton Transactions 48(5), pp. 1599-1612. (10.1039/C8DT04069A)
- Lloyd, D. 2019. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: oscillatory orchestration of growth. In: Advancing Frontiers in Mycology & Mycotechnology: Basic and Applied Aspects of Fungi. Springer, pp. 181-214., (10.1007/978-981-13-9349-5_7)
2018
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2018. Temporal metabolic partitioning of the yeast and protist cellular networks: the cell is a global scale-invariant (fractal or self-similar) multioscillator. Journal of Biomedical Optics 24(5), article number: 51404. (10.1117/1.JBO.24.5.051404)
- Kembro, J. M.et al. 2018. Mitochondrial chaotic dynamics: redox-energetic behavior at the edge of stability.. Scientific Reports 8, article number: 15422. (10.1038/s41598-018-33582-w)
- Hallett, A. J.et al. 2018. Exploring the cellular uptake and localisation of phosphorescent rhenium fac-tricarbonyl metallosurfactants as a function of lipophilicity. Dalton Transactions 47(40), pp. 14241-14253. (10.1039/C8DT00669E)
- vanKeulen, H.et al. 2018. In memoriam: Edward Jarroll (1948-2017). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 65(3), pp. 432-433. (10.1111/jeu.12486)
2017
- Langdon-Jones, E. E.et al. 2017. Luminescent 1,8-Naphthalimide-Derived ReI Complexes: syntheses, spectroscopy, X-ray structure and preliminary bioimaging in fission yeast cells. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2017(44), pp. 5279-5287. (10.1002/ejic.201700549)
- Kurz, F. T.et al. 2017. Network dynamics: quantitative analysis of complex behavior in metabolism, organelles, and cells, from experiments to models and back. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine 9(1), article number: e1352. (10.1002/wsbm.1352)
- Pope, S. J. A.et al. 2017. Anticancer, azonafide-inspired fluorescent ligands and their rhenium(I) complexes for cellular imaging. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2017(3), pp. 759-766. (10.1002/ejic.201601271)
2016
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2016. What the deep sea can tell us about microwaves. Presented at: International Microwave Symposium IMS, San Francisco, California, 22-27 May 2016Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2016 IEEE MTT-S International. IEEE, (10.1109/MWSYM.2016.7540432)
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2016. The separated electric and magnetic field responses of luminescent bacteria exposed to pulsed microwave irradiation. Applied Physics Letters 109(9), article number: 93701. (10.1063/1.4961970)
- Lloyd, D. 2016. Biological timekeeping: the business of a blind watchmaker. Science Progress 99(2), pp. 113-132. (10.3184/003685016X14606334006008)
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2016. The redox-active drug metronidazole and thiol-depleting garlic compounds act synergistically in the protist parasite Spironucleus vortens. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 206(1-2), pp. 20-28. (10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.03.001)
2015
- Lloyd, D. and Williams, C. F. 2015. Avoid excessive oxygen levels in experiments with organisms, tissues and cells.. Advances in Microbial Physiology 67, pp. 293--314. (10.1016/bs.ampbs.2015.09.001)
- Stacey, O. J.et al. 2015. Water soluble, cyclometalated Pt(II)–Ln(III) conjugates towards novel bimodal imaging agents. Chemical Communications 51(61), pp. 12305-12308. (10.1039/C5CC02623G)
- Langdon-Jones, E. E.et al. 2015. Alkynyl-naphthalimide fluorophores: gold coordination chemistry and cellular imaging applications. Inorganic Chemistry 54(13), pp. 6606-6615., article number: 150618152106000. (10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00954)
- Lloyd, D. and Williams, C. F. 2015. New tunes from the heart. Biophysical Journal 108(8), pp. 1841-1842. (10.1016/j.bpj.2015.01.041)
- Lloyd, D. 2015. Alfred Russel Wallace: Self-educated genius and polymath. In: Luttge, U. and Beyschlag, W. eds. Progress in Botany., Vol. 76. Springer, pp. 43--74., (10.1007/978-3-319-08807-5_2)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2015. Motility of the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens through thixotropic solid media. Microbiology 161(1), pp. 213-218. (10.1099/mic.0.082529-0)
- Wickramasinghe, N.et al. 2015. Progress towards the vindication of panspermia. In: Vindication of Cosmic Biology Tribute to Sir Fred Hoyle (1915–2001). World Scientific, pp. 265-277., (10.1142/9789814675260_0021)
2014
- Lloyd, D. 2014. Encystment in Acanthamoeba castellanii: a review. Experimental Parasitology 145, pp. 20-27. (10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.026)
- Lloyd, D. and Williams, C. F. 2014. Comparative biochemistry of Giardia, Hexamita and Spironucleus: Enigmatic diplomonads. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 197(1-2), pp. 43-49. (10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.10.002)
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2014. Antioxidant defences of Spironucleus vortens: Glutathione is the major non-protein thiol. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 196(1), pp. 45-52. (10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.07.010)
- Langdon-Jones, E. E.et al. 2014. Fluorescent rhenium-naphthalimide conjugates as cellular imaging agents. Inorganic Chemistry 53(7), pp. 3788-3797. (10.1021/ic500142z)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2014. Intracellular oxygen: similar results from two methods of measurement using Phosphorescent nanoparticles. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 7(2), article number: 1350041. (10.1142/S1793545813500417)
- Aon, M. A., Lloyd, D. and Saks, V. 2014. From physiology, genomes, systems, and self-organization to systems biology: the historical roots of a twenty-first century approach to complexity. In: Aon, M. A., Saks, V. and Schlattner, U. eds. Systems Biology of Metabolic and Signaling Networks: Energy, Mass and Information Transfer., Vol. 16. Springer Series in Biophysics Springer, pp. 3-17., (10.1007/978-3-642-38505-6_1)
- Puk, K., Guz, L. and Lloyd, D. 2014. Effects of medical plant extracts on the growth of the fish parasite Spironucleus vortens. Medycyna weterynaryjna 70(3), pp. 165-168.
2013
- Millet, C. O. M.et al. 2013. Mitochondria-derived organelles in the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens. Experimental Parasitology 135(2), pp. 262-273. (10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.003)
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2013. Diversity in mitochondrion-derived organelles of the parasitic diplomonads Spironucleus and Giardia. Trends in Parasitology 29(7), pp. 311-312. (10.1016/j.pt.2013.04.004)
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2013. Non-invasive investigation of Spironucleus vortens transmission in freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 105(3), pp. 211-223. (10.3354/dao02618)
- Amariei, C.et al. 2013. The dynamics of cellular energetics during continuous yeast culture. Presented at: 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE: Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan, 3-7 July 2013Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE. IEEE pp. 2708-2711., (10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610099)
- Leitsch, D.et al. 2013. Unexpected properties of NADP-dependent secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-1) in Trichomonas vaginalis and other microaerophilic parasites. Experimental Parasitology 134(3), pp. 374-380. (10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.034)
2012
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2012. Disrupted intracellular redox balance of the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens by 5-nitroimidazoles and garlic-derived compounds. Veterinary Parasitology 190(1-2), pp. 62-73. (10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.011)
- Williams, C. and Lloyd, D. 2012. Composition and antimicrobial properties of sulphur-containing constituents of Garlic (Allium Sativum). In: Valgimigli, L. ed. Essential oils as natural food additives: Composition, applications, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Nova Science Publishers, pp. 287-304.
- Lloyd, D., Coogan, M. P. and Pope, S. J. 2012. Novel metal-based luminophores for biological imaging. In: Geddes, C. D. ed. Reviews in Fluorescence 2010. Reviews in Fluorescence Vol. 7. New York: Springer, pp. 15-44., (10.1007/978-1-4419-9828-6_2)
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2012. Evaluation of two novel methods for assessing intracellular oxygen. Measurement Science and Technology 23(8), article number: 84005. (10.1088/0957-0233/23/8/084005)
- Sasidharan, K.et al. 2012. Time-Structure of the yeast metabolism in vivo. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 736, pp. 359-379. (10.1007/978-1-4419-7210-1_21)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2012. What yeast and cardiomyocytes share: ultradian oscillatory redox mechanisms of cellular coherence and survival. Integrative Biology 4(1), pp. 65-74. (10.1039/c1ib00124h)
2011
- Cortassa, S.et al. 2011. An introduction to metabolic and cellular engineering, second edition. World Scientific. (10.1142/8225)
- Stanley, B. A.et al. 2011. Thioredoxin reductase-2 is essential for keeping low levels of H(2)O(2) emission from isolated heart mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286(38), pp. 33669-33677. (10.1074/jbc.M111.284612)
- Lloyd, D. 2011. Yeast harmony. New scientist 211(2821), pp. 28. (10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61696-5)
- McKay, P.et al. 2011. Identification of plasmepsin inhibitors as selective anti-malarial agents using ligand based drug design. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 21(11), pp. 3335-3341. (10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.04.015)
- Millet, C. O.et al. 2011. Effect of garlic and allium-derived products on the growth and metabolism of Spironucleus vortens. Experimental Parasitology 127(2), pp. 490-499. (10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.001)
- Stanley, B. A.et al. 2011. Thioredoxin Reductase-2 Is Essential for Keeping Low Levels of H2O2 Emission from Isolated Heart Mitochondria. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 286(38), pp. 33669-33677. (10.1074/jbc.M111.284612)
- Millet, C. O.et al. 2011. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism of Spironucleus vortens. Experimental Parasitology 129(1), pp. 17-26. (10.1016/j.exppara.2011.05.025)
- Thorp-Greenwood, F. L.et al. 2011. A 'Sleeping Trojan Horse' which transports metal ions into cells, localises in nucleoli, and has potential for bimodal fluorescence/PET imaging. Chemical Communications 47(11), pp. 3096-3098. (10.1039/c1cc10141b)
- Williams, C. F.et al. 2011. Spironucleus species: economically-important fish pathogens and enigmatic single-celled eukaryotes. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development(S2), article number: 2. (10.4172/2155-9546.S2-002)
- Millet, C. O.et al. 2011. In vitro culture of the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens reveals unusually fast doubling time and atypical biphasic growth. Journal of Fish Diseases 34(1), pp. 71-73. (10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01213.x)
2010
- Coogan, M. P.et al. 2010. Probing intracellular oxygen by quenched phosphorescence lifetimes of nanoparticles containing polyacrylamide-embedded [Ru(dpp(SO3Na)2)3]Cl2. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 9(1), pp. 103-109. (10.1039/b9pp00071b)
- Fernández-Moreira, V.et al. 2010. Uptake and localisation of rhenium fac-tricarbonyl polypyridyls in fluorescent cell imaging experiments. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 8(17), pp. 3888-3901. (10.1039/c004610h)
- Millet, C. O., Cable, J. and Lloyd, D. 2010. The diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens produces hydrogen. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 57(5), pp. 400-404. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00499.x)
- Lloyd, D., Wimpenny, J. and Venables, W. A. 2010. Alfred Russel Wallace deserves better. Journal of Biosciences 35(3), pp. 339-349. (10.1007/s12038-010-0039-x)
2009
- Lloyd, D. 2009. Oscillations, synchrony and deterministic chaos. In: Lüttge, U. et al. eds. Progress in Botany., Vol. 70. Progress in Botany Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 69-91., (10.1007/978-3-540-68421-3_4)
- Guschina, I.et al. 2009. The microaerophilic flagellate, Trichomonas vaginalis, contains unusual acyl lipids but no detectable cardiolipin. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 56(1), pp. 52-57. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00365.x)
- Lloyd, D. 2009. Respiratory oscillations in yeasts. In: Maroto, M. and Monk, N. A. M. eds. Cellular Oscillatory Mechanisms. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Vol. 641. New York: Springer, pp. 118-140., (10.1007/978-0-387-09794-7_9)
2008
- Khalil, E. F.et al. 2008. The effects of pesticides on anaerobic digestion processes. Environmental Technology 12(6), pp. 471-475. (10.1080/09593339109385032)
- Hughes, D. E., Wimpenny, J. W. T. and Lloyd, D. 2008. The disintegration of micro-organisms. In: Norris, J. R. and Ribbons, D. W. eds. Methods in Microbiology., Vol. 5 B. Vol. PART B. London and New York: Academic Press, pp. 1-54., (10.1016/S0580-9517(08)70639-1)
- Allman, R.et al. 2008. Characterization of bacteria by multiparameter flow cytometry. JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 73(5), pp. 438--444. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb05001.x)
- Gray, V. L.et al. 2008. Peptones from diverse sources: pivotal determinants of bacterial growth dynamics. Journal of Applied Microbiology 104(2), pp. 554-565. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03577.x)
- Lloyd, D. and Rossi, E. eds. 2008. Ultradian rhythms from molecules to mind: a new vision of life. Springer.
- Amoroso, A. J.et al. 2008. 3-Chloromethylpyridyl bipyridine fac-tricarbonyl rhenium: a thiol-reactive luminophore for fluorescence microscopy accumulates in mitochondria. New Journal of Chemistry 32(7), pp. 1097-1102. (10.1039/b802215a)
- Aon, M. A.et al. 2008. The scale-free dynamics of eukaryotic cells. PLoS ONE 3(11) (10.1371/journal.pone.0003624)
- Lloyd, D. 2008. Respiratory oscillations in yeasts. In: Maroto, M. and Monk, N. A. M. eds. Cellular Oscillatory Mechanisms., Vol. 641. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology New York, NY: Springer, pp. 118-140., (10.1007/978-0-387-09794-7_9)
- Lloyd, D. 2008. Biological time is fractal: early events reverberate over a life time. Journal of Biosciences 33(1), pp. 9-19. (10.1007/s12038-008-0017-8)
- Lloyd, D. and Rossi, E. L. 2008. Epilogue: a new vision of life. In: Lloyd, D. and Rossi, E. L. eds. Ultradian Rhythms from Molecules to Mind. Springer, pp. 431., (10.1007/978-1-4020-8352-5_18)
- Brodsky, V. Y. and Lloyd, D. 2008. Self-organized intracellular ultradian rhythms provide direct cell-cell communication. In: Lloyd, D. and Rossi, E. L. eds. Ultradian Rhythms from Molecules to Mind: A New Vision of Life., Vol. I. The Netherlands: Springer, pp. 85-104., (10.1007/978-1-4020-8352-5_3)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2008. The ultradian clock (~40 min) in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). In: Lloyd, D. and Rossi, E. L. eds. Ultradian Rhythms from Molecules to Mind: A New Vision of Life., Vol. I. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 11-42., (10.1007/978-1-4020-8352-5_1)
2007
- Amoroso, A. J.et al. 2007. Rhenium fac tricarbonyl bisimine complexes: biologically useful fluorochromes for cell imaging applications. Chemical Communications(29), pp. 3066-3068. (10.1039/b706657k)
- Sheppard, S. K., Beckmann, M. and Lloyd, D. 2007. The effect of temperature on methane dynamics in soil and peat cores: calculations from membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 87(1), pp. 11--22. (10.4141/S06-021)
- Cammack, R.et al. 2007. Iron-sulfur proteins in anaerobic eukaryotes. In: Ljungdahl, L. G. et al. eds. Biochemistry and Physiology of Anaerobic Bacteria. New York, NY: Springer, pp. 113-127., (10.1007/0-387-22731-8_9)
- Lemar, K. M.et al. 2007. Diallyl disulphide depletes glutathione inCandida albicans: oxidative stress-mediated cell death studied by two-photon microscopy. Yeast 24(8), pp. 695-706. (10.1002/yea.1503)
- Murray, D. B. and Lloyd, D. 2007. A tuneable attractor underlies yeast respiratory dynamics. Biosystems 90(1), pp. 287-294. (10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.09.032)
- Roussel, M. and Lloyd, D. 2007. Observation of a chaotic multioscillatory metabolic attractor by real-time monitoring of a yeast continuous culture. FEBS Journal 274(4), pp. 1011-1018. (10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05651.x)
- Lloyd, D. and Murray, D. B. 2007. Redox rhythmicity: clocks at the core of temporal coherence. Bioessays 29(5), pp. 465-473. (10.1002/bies.20575)
- Aon, M. A.et al. 2007. Single and cell population respiratory oscillations in yeast: a 2-photon scanning laser microscopy study. FEBS Letters 581(1), pp. 8-14. (10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.068)
2006
- Scheerer, S., Gomez, F. and Lloyd, D. 2006. Bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri in continuous culture: Optimal conditions for stability and intensity of photoemission. Journal of Microbiological Methods 67(2), pp. 321-329. (10.1016/j.mimet.2006.04.010)
- Lloyd, D. 2006. Hydrogen sulfide: clandestine microbial messenger?. Trends in Microbiology 14(10), pp. 456-462. (10.1016/j.tim.2006.08.003)
- Bhavnani, M.et al. 2006. Targeted screening for genetic haemochromatosis: a combined phenotype/genotype approach.. Journal of Clinical Pathology 59(5), pp. -. (10.1136/jcp.2005.031898)
- Gray, V. L.et al. 2006. Low tyrosine content of growth media yields aflagellate Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microbiology 152(1), pp. 23-28. (10.1099/mic.0.28442-0)
- Lloyd, D. and Murray, D. B. 2006. Corrigendum to "the temporal architecture of eukaryotic growth" [FEBS Lett. 580 (2006) 2830-2835]. FEBS Letters 580(18), pp. 4571-4571. (10.1016/j.febslet.2006.07.026)
- Lloyd, D. 2006. Ultradian rhythms and clocks in plants and yeast. Biological Rhythm Research 37(4), pp. 281-296. (10.1080/09291010600804379)
- Lloyd, D. and Murray, D. B. 2006. The temporal architecture of eukaryotic growth. FEBS Letters 580(12), pp. 2830-2835. (10.1016/j.febslet.2006.02.066)
- Sayanova, O.et al. 2006. A bifunctional Δ12,Δ15-Desaturase from Acanthamoeba castellanii directs the synthesis of highly unusual n-1 series unsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281(48), pp. 36533-36541. (10.1074/jbc.M605158200)
- Lloyd, D. 2006. The ultradian clock: not to be confused with the cell cycle. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 7(12) (10.1038/nrm1980-c1)
- Harris, K.et al. 2006. Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia intestinalis Produce Nitric Oxide and Display NO-Synthase activity. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 53(s1), pp. S182-S183. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.2006.00224.x)
2005
- Lemar, K. M.et al. 2005. Allyl alcohol and garlic (Allium sativum) extract produce oxidative stress in Candida albicans. Microbiology 151(10), pp. 3257-3265. (10.1099/mic.0.28095-0)
- Sheppard, S. K.et al. 2005. The impact of sludge amendment on gas dynamics in an upland soil: monitored by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Bioresource Technology 96(10), pp. 1103-1115. (10.1016/j.biortech.2004.10.006)
- Lloyd, D. and Murray, D. B. 2005. Ultradian metronome: timekeeper for orchestration of cellular coherence. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 30(7), pp. 373-377. (10.1016/j.tibs.2005.05.005)
- Lloyd, D. 2005. Systems dynamics of biology. Journal of Applied Biomedicine 3, pp. 1-12. (10.32725/jab.2005.001)
2004
- Beckmann, M., Sheppard, S. K. and Lloyd, D. 2004. Mass spectrometric monitoring of gas dynamics in peat monoliths: effects of temperature and diurnal cycles on emissions. Atmospheric Environment 38(39), pp. 6907-6913. (10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.08.004)
- Lloyd, D. 2004. 'Anaerobic protists': some misconceptions and confusions.. Microbiology 150(Pt 5), pp. 1115--1116. (10.1099/mic.0.26802-0)
- Pooley, D. T.et al. 2004. Continuous culture of photobacterium. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 19(11), pp. 1457-1463. (10.1016/j.bios.2003.09.003)
- Turner, N. A.et al. 2004. Resistance, biguanide sorption and biguanide-induced pentose leakage during encystment of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Journal of Applied Microbiology 96(6), pp. 1287-1995. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02260.x)
- Paget, T.et al. 2004. Menadione kills trophozoites and cysts of Giardia intestinalis. Microbiology 150(5), pp. 1231--1236. (10.1099/mic.0.26836-0)
- Lloyd, D. 2004. ‘Anaerobic protists’: some misconceptions and confusions. Microbiology 150(5), pp. 1115--1116. (10.1099/mic.0.26802-0)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2004. The plasma membrane of microaerophilic protists: oxidative and nitrosative stress.. Microbiology 150(Pt 5), pp. 1183--1190. (10.1099/mic.0.26834-0)
2003
- Lloyd, D. and Volkov, E. I. 2003. Quantized cell cycle times: interaction between a relaxation oscillator and ultradian clock pulses.. BioSystems 23(4), pp. 305-310. (10.1016/0303-2647(90)90012-p)
- Lloyd, D., Lloyd, A. L. and Olsen, L. F. 2003. The cell division cycle: a physiologically plausible dynamic model can exhibit chaotic solutions.. BioSystems 27(1), pp. 17-24. (10.1016/0303-2647(92)90043-X)
- Gray, N. D.et al. 2003. Effects of soil improvement treatments on bacterial community structure and soil processes in an upland grassland soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 46(1), pp. 11-22. (10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00160-0)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2003. Nitrosative stress induced cytotoxicity in Giardia intestinalis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 95(3), pp. 576-583. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.02008.x)
- Narlikar, J.et al. 2003. A balloon experiment to detect microorganisms in the outer space. Astrophysics and Space Science 285(2), pp. 555--562. (10.1023/A:1025442021619)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2003. Respiratory oscillations in yeast: mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, apoptosis and time; a hypothesis. FEMS Yeast Research 3(4), pp. 333-339. (10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00071-0)
- Adams, C. A.et al. 2003. The Gts1 protein stabilizes the autonomous oscillator in yeast. Yeast 20(6), pp. 463-470. (10.1002/yea.976)
- Biagini, G. A.et al. 2003. Bacterial-like energy metabolism in the amitochondriate protozoon Hexamita inflata. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 128(1), pp. 11-19. (10.1016/S0166-6851(03)00025-2)
- Wickramasinghe, .et al. 2003. Progress towards the vindication of panspermia. Astrophysics and Space Science 283(3), pp. 403--413. (10.1023/A:1021677122937)
- Pooley, D. T.et al. 2003. Biological effects of millimeter-wave radiation: A high-throughput screening system. Review of Scientific Instruments 74(3), pp. 1296-1302. (10.1063/1.1542665)
- Lloyd, D. 2003. Effects of uncoupling of mitochondrial energy conservation on the ultradian clock-driven oscillations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae continuous culture. Mitochondrion 3(3), pp. 139-146. (10.1016/j.mito.2003.08.002)
- Murray, D. B., Klevecz, R. R. and Lloyd, D. 2003. Generation and maintenance of synchrony in Saccharomyces cerevisiae continuous culture. Experimental Cell Research 287(1), pp. 10-15. (10.1016/S0014-4827(03)00068-5)
- Lemar, K. M.et al. 2003. Cell death mechanisms in the human opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50(s1), pp. 685-686. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00687.x)
2002
- Rutter, A. J.et al. 2002. Oxygen induction of a novel fatty acid n-6 desaturase in the soil protozoon, Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochemical Journal, pp. 57-67. (10.1042/BJ20020189)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2002. Cycles of mitochondrial energization driven by the ultradian clock in a continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. Microbiology 148(11), pp. 3715-3724. (10.1099/00221287-148-11-3715)
- Lemar, K. M., Turner, M. P. and Lloyd, D. 2002. Garlic (Allium sativum) as an anti-Candida agent: a comparison of the efficacy of fresh garlic and freeze-dried extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology 93(3), pp. 398-405. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01707.x)
- Lloyd, D., Williams, A. S. and James, C. J. 2002. Nitrite inhibits hydrogen production and kills the cattle parasite Tritrichomonas foetus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 93(3), pp. 492-496. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01716.x)
- Sheppard, S. K. and Lloyd, D. 2002. Effects of soil amendment on gas depth profiles in soil monoliths using direct mass spectrometric measurement. Bioresource Technology 84(1), pp. 39-47. (10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00012-3)
- Lloyd, D. 2002. Boiling muds and scalding soils: New species and enzymes for the future. Microbiology Today 29(2), pp. 64-66.
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2002. The "primitive" microaerophile Giardia intestinalis (syn. lamblia, duodenalis) has specialized membranes with electron transport and membrane-potential-generating functions.. Microbiology 148(Pt 5), pp. 1349--1354. (10.1099/00221287-148-5-1349)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2002. The ‘primitive’microaerophile Giardia intestinalis (syn. lamblia, duodenalis) has specialized membranes with electron transport and membrane-potential-generating functions. Microbiology 148(5), pp. 1349--1354. (10.1099/00221287-148-5-1349)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2002. Respiratory oscillations in yeast: clock-driven mitochondrial cycles of energization. FEBS Letters 519(1-3), pp. 41-44. (10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02704-7)
- Lloyd, D., Ralphs, J. R. and Harris, J. C. 2002. Giardia intestinalis, a eukaryote without hydrogenosomes, produces hydrogen.. Microbiology 148(Pt 3), pp. 727--733. (10.1099/00221287-148-3-727)
- Lloyd, D. and Harris, J. C. 2002. Giardia: highly evolved parasite or early branching eukaryote?. Trends in Microbiology 10(3), pp. 122-127. (10.1016/S0966-842X(02)02306-5)
- Harris, M.et al. 2002. The detection of living cells in stratospheric samples. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering 4495, pp. 192-198. (10.1117/12.454758)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2002. Detection of extraterrestial life in stratospheric samples. Presented at: The Multi Colour Universe TIFR 2001, Mumbai, 11 - 14 September, 2001Proceedings of the International Conference, Sep 7-10, 2001. TIFR pp. 367-374.
- Lane, S. and Lloyd, D. 2002. Current trends in research into the waterborne parasite Giardia. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 28(2), pp. 123--147. (10.1080/1040-840291046713)
- Sheppard, S. K. and Lloyd, D. 2002. Diurnal oscillations in gas production (O2, CO2, CH4, and N2) in soil monoliths. Biological Rhythm Research 33(5), pp. 577-591. (10.1076/brhm.33.5.577.13937)
- Williams, A. G.et al. 2002. Factors affecting the activity of enzymes involved in peptide and amino acid catabolism in non-starter lactic acid bacteria isolated from Cheddar cheese. International Dairy Journal 12(10), pp. 841-852. (10.1016/S0958-6946(02)00063-8)
- Lloyd, D. 2002. Noninvasive methods for the investigation of organisms at low oxygen levels. Advances in Applied Microbiology 51, pp. 155-174. (10.1016/S0065-2164(02)51005-4)
- Kumar, R. and Lloyd, D. 2002. Recent advances in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 35(4), pp. 434-441. (10.1086/341487)
- Salgado, E., Murray, D. B. and Lloyd, D. 2002. Some antidepressant agents (Li+, monoamine oxidase type A inhibitors) perturb the ultradian clock in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biological Rhythm Research 33(3), pp. 351-361. (10.1076/brhm.33.3.351.8256)
- Sheppard, S. K. and Lloyd, D. 2002. Direct mass spectrometric measurement of gases in soil monoliths. Journal of Microbiological Methods 50(2), pp. 175-188. (10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00025-8)
- Harris, M. J.et al. 2002. Detection of living cells in stratospheric samples. Presented at: Instruments, methods, and missions for astrobiology IV, San Diego, CA, 29-30 July 2001 Presented at Hoover, R. B. et al. eds.Instruments, methods, and missions for astrobiology IV : 29-30 July, 2001, San Diego, [California] USA. SPIE Proceedings Series Vol. 4495. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers pp. 192-198., (10.1117/12.454758)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2002. Direct interface of chemistry to microbiological systems: membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Journal of Microbiological Methods 48(2-3), pp. 289-302. (10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00331-1)
- Suller, M. T. E. and Lloyd, D. 2002. The antibacterial activity of vancomycin towards Staphylococcus aureus under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92(5), pp. 866-872. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01594.x)
- Wickramasinghe, N. C., Lloyd, D. and Wickramasinghe, J. T. 2002. Evidence of photoluminescence of biomaterial in space. Presented at: Instruments, methods, and missions for astrobiology IV, San Diego, CA, 29-30 July 2001 Presented at Hoover, R. B. et al. eds.Instruments, methods, and missions for astrobiology IV : 29-30 July, 2001, San Diego, [California] USA. SPIE Proceedings Series Vol. 4495. Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers pp. 255-260., (10.1117/12.454762)
- Lloyd, D., Ralphs, J. R. and Harris, J. C. 2002. Hydrogen production in Giardia intestinalis, a eukaryote with no hydrogenosomes. Trends in Parasitology 18(4), pp. 155-156. (10.1016/S1471-4922(01)02174-2)
2001
- Beckmann, M. and Lloyd, D. 2001. Mass spectrometric monitoring of gases (CO2, CH4, O2) in a mesotrophic peat core from Kopparås Mire, Sweden. Global Change Biology 7(2), pp. 171--180. (10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00396.x)
- Biagini, G.et al. 2001. The antioxidant potential of pyruvate in the amitochondriate diplomonads Giardia intestinalis and Hexamita inflata. Microbiology 147(12), pp. 3359--3365. (10.1099/00221287-147-12-3359)
- Murray, D. B.et al. 2001. Clock control of ultradian respiratory oscillation found during yeast continuous culture. Journal of Bacteriology 183(24), pp. 7253-7259. (10.1128/JB.183.24.7253-7259.2001)
- Harris, J., Plummer, S. and Lloyd, D. 2001. Antigiardial drugs. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 57(5-6), pp. 614-619. (10.1007/s002530100720)
- Harris, J. C.et al. 2001. Antimicrobial properties of Allium sativum (garlic). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 57(3), pp. 282-286. (10.1007/s002530100722)
- Connell, C.et al. 2001. Encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii: dye uptake for assessment by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Journal of Applied Microbiology 90(5), pp. 706-712. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01296.x)
- Lloyd, D., Aon, M. A. and Cortassa, S. 2001. Why homeodynamics, not homeostasis?. Scientific World Journal 1, pp. 133--145. (10.1100/tsw.2001.20)
- Tammam, J. D.et al. 2001. Membrane inlet mass spectrometric measurement of O2 and CO2 gradients in cultures of Lactobacillus paracasei and a developing Cheddar cheese ecosystem. International Journal of Food Microbiology 65(1-2), pp. 11-22. (10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00438-4)
- Peters, A.et al. 2001. Evaluating impact of food safety control on retail butchers. In: Hooker, N. H. and Murano, E. A. eds. Interdisciplinary Food Safety Research. Contemporary Food Science Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 175-198.
- Lloyd, D. and Wallis, P. 2001. A Giardia feast. Trends in Parasitology 17(3), pp. 115-117. (10.1016/S1471-4922(00)01873-0)
- Goldberg, B.et al. 2001. In situ kinetic characterization of methylthioadenosine transport by the adenosine transporter (P2) of the African Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Biochemical Pharmacology 61(4), pp. 449-457. (10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00560-8)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2001. Encystation in Acanthamoeba castellanii: development of biocide resistance.. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 48(1), pp. 11-16. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00410.x)
- Morgan, J.et al. 2001. Rapid and sensitive quantitation of antibiotics in fermentations by electrospray mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 15(14), pp. 1229-1238. (10.1002/rcm.368)
- Beckmann, M. and Lloyd, D. 2001. Mass spectrometric monitoring of gases (CO2', CH4', O2) in a mesotrophic peat core from Kopparas Mire, Sweden. Global Change Biology 7(2), pp. 171-180. (10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00396.x)
- Cross, R.et al. 2001. Enzymatic removal of nitric oxide catalyzed by cytochrome c' in rhodobacter capsulatus. Journal of Bacteriology 183(10), pp. 3050-3054. (10.1128/JB.183.10.3050-3054.2001)
- Beckmann, M. and Lloyd, D. 2001. Extraction and identification of volatile organic substances (VOS) from Scottish peat cores. Atmospheric Environment 35(1), pp. 79-86. (10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00290-9)
2000
- Lloyd, D.et al. 2000. The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: oxygen and its reaction products collapse membrane potential and cause cytotoxicity. Microbiology 146(12), pp. 3109--3118. (10.1099/00221287-146-12-3109)
- Harris, J. C.et al. 2000. The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: Allium sativum (garlic) is an effective antigiardial.. Microbiology 146(12), pp. 3119--3127. (10.1099/00221287-146-12-3119)
- Upton, M.et al. 2000. Combined molecular ecological and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis of peat bog methanogen populations. FEMS Microbiology Letters 193(2), pp. 275-281. (10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00496-1)
- Biagini, G. A.et al. 2000. The membrane potential of Giardia intestinalis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 192(1), pp. 153-157. (10.1016/S0378-1097(00)00418-3)
- Turner, N. A.et al. 2000. Emergence of resistance to biocides during differentiation of Acanthamoeba castellanii.. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 46(1), pp. 27--34. (10.1093/jac/46.1.27)
- Tammam, J. D.et al. 2000. Amino acid fermentation in non-starter Lactobacillus spp. isolated from cheddar cheese.. Lett Appl Microbiol 30(5), pp. 370--374. (10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00727.x)
- Tammam, J.et al. 2000. Amino acid fermentation in non-starter Lactobacillus spp. isolated from Cheddar cheese. Letters in Applied Microbiology 30(5), pp. 370--374. (10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00727.x)
- Lopez-Amoros, R., Mason, D. and Lloyd, D. 2000. Use of two oxonols and a fluorescent tetrazolium dye to monitor starvation of Escherichia coli in seawater by flow cytometry. Journal of Microbiological Methods 22(2), pp. 165--176. (10.1016/0167-7012(94)00073-G)
- Lloyd, D. and Murray, D. B. 2000. Redox cycling of intracellular thiols: State variables for ultradian, cell division cycle and circadian cycles?. In: Driessche, T. V., Guisset, J. and Petiau-de Vries, G. M. eds. The Redox State and Circadian Rhythms. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 85-94., (10.1007/978-94-015-9556-8_5)
- Turner, N. A.et al. 2000. Microbial differentiation and changes in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Journal of Applied Microbiology 89(5), pp. 751-759. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.01176.x)
- Gilbert, D. and Lloyd, D. 2000. The living cell: a complex autodynamic multi-oscillator system?. Cell Biology International 24(8), pp. 569-580. (10.1006/cbir.2000.0571)
- Aon, M. A., Cortassa, S. and Lloyd, D. 2000. Chaotic dynamics and fractal space in biochemistry: simplicity underlies complexity. Cell Biology International 24(8), pp. 581-587. (10.1006/cbir.2000.0572)
- Goldberg, B.et al. 2000. Kinetics of methionine transport and metabolism by Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 377(1), pp. 49-57. (10.1006/abbi.2000.1740)
- Harding, C. L.et al. 2000. Using the microcyte flow cytometer to monitor cell number, viability, and apoptosis in mammalian cell culture. Biotechnology Progress 16(5), pp. 800-802. (10.1021/bp0000813)
1999
- Lloyd, D. 1999. Microbial ecology. How to avoid oxygen. Science Magazine 286(5438), pp. 249. (10.1126/science.286.5438.249)
- Murray, D. B.et al. 1999. Involvement of glutathione in the regulation of respiratory oscillation during a continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. Microbiology 145 (, pp. 2739--2745. (10.1099/00221287-145-10-2739)
- Chapman, A., Linstead, D. J. and Lloyd, D. 1999. Hydrogen peroxide is a product of oxygen consumption by Trichomonas vaginalis. Journal of Biosciences 24(3), pp. 339--344. (10.1007/BF02941248)
- Lloyd, D. 1999. Flow cytometry of yeasts.. Current Protocols in Cytometry 9(1), pp. 11.10.1-11.10.8. (10.1002/0471142956.cy1110s09)
- Lloyd, D. 1999. Flow cytometry of yeasts. Current protocols in cytometry 9(1), pp. 11--10. (10.1002/0471142956.cy1110s09)
- Cartaxana, P. and Lloyd, D. 1999. N2, N2O and O2profiles in a Tagus estuary salt marsh. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48(6), pp. 751--756.
- Dinsdale, M. G.et al. 1999. Yeast vitality during cider fermentation: assessment by energy metabolism.. Yeast 15(4), pp. 285--293. (10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(19990315)15:4<285::AID-YEA376>3.0.CO;2-2)
- Goldberg, B.et al. 1999. Kinetics of S-adenosylmethionine cellular transport and protein methylation in Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 364(1), pp. 13--18. (10.1006/abbi.1999.1098)
- Nercessian, D.et al. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of peat bog methanogen populations. FEMS Microbiology Letters 173(2), pp. 425--429. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13534.x)
- Khunkitti, W.et al. 1999. X-ray microanalysis of chlorine and phosphorus content in biguanide-treated Acanthamoeba castellanii.. Journal of Applied Microbiology 86(3), pp. 453-459. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00683.x)
- Kim, S. O.et al. 1999. Anoxic function for the Escherichia coli flavohaemoglobin (Hmp): Reversible binding of nitric oxide and reduction to nitrous oxide. FEBS Letters 445(2-3), pp. 389-394. (10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00157-X)
- Suller, M. T. and Lloyd, D. 1999. Fluorescence monitoring of antibiotic-induced bacterial damage using flow cytometry.. Cytometry Part A 35(3), pp. 235--241. (10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(19990301)35:3<235::aid-cyto6>3.0.co;2-0)
- Cowie, G. and Lloyd, D. 1999. Membrane inlet ion trap mass spectrometry for the direct measurement of dissolved gases in ecological samples.. Journal of Microbiological Methods 35(1), pp. 1--12. (10.1016/s0167-7012(98)00090-6)
- Turner, N. A.et al. 1999. Acanthamoeba spp., antimicrobial agents and contact lenses. Vol. 1. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England. (10.1177/003685049908200101)
- Lloyd, D., Hayes, A. J. and Ralphs, J. R. 1999. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of environmental samples. In: Edwards, C. ed. Environmental Monitoring of Bacteria., Vol. 12. USA: Springer, pp. 251-265., (10.1385/0-89603-566-2:251)
- Arthurs, C. E. and Lloyd, D. 1999. Kinetics, stereospecificity, and expression of the Malolactic enzyme.. Appl Environ Microbiol 65(8), pp. 3360--3363.
- Williams, I.et al. 1999. Flow cytometry and other techniques show that Staphylococcus aureus undergoes significant physiological changes in the early stages of surface-attached culture. Microbiology 145(6), pp. 1325-1333. (10.1099/13500872-145-6-1325)
- Wickramasinghe, N. C., Hoyle, F. and Lloyd, D. 1999. Eruptions of comet hale-bopp at 6.5 AU. Astrophysics and Space Science 268, pp. 373-378. (10.1023/A:1002409423674)
1998
- Humphreys, M.et al. 1998. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of trichomonads: Hydrogenosomes store calcium and show a membrane potential. European Journal of Protistology 34(4), pp. 356-362. (10.1016/S0932-4739(98)80003-5)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1998. Methanogenesis and CO2 exchange in an ombrotrophic peat bog. Atmospheric Environment 32(19), pp. 3229--3238. (10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00481-0)
- Rees, E. M., Lloyd, D. and Williams, A. G. 1998. The effects of differing concentrations of CO2 and O2 on the fermentative metabolism of the rumen fungi Neocallimastix patriciarum and Neocallimastix frontalis L2. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44(9), pp. 819--824. (10.1139/w98-080)
- Biagini, G., Finlay, B. and Lloyd, D. 1998. Protozoan stimulation of anaerobic microbial activity: enhancement of the rate of terminal decomposition of organic matter. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 27(1), pp. 1--8. (10.1111/j.1574-6941.1998.tb00520.x)
- Murray, D. B.et al. 1998. NO+, but not NO⋅, inhibits respiratory oscillations in ethanol‐grown chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Letters 431(2), pp. 297-299. (10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00777-7)
- Narlikar, J. V.et al. 1998. Search for living cells in stratospheric samples. Presented at: SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, 19-24 Jul 1998 Presented at Hoover, R. B. ed.Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology, Vol. 3441. Proceedings Bellingham, WA: Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) pp. 301-305., (10.1117/12.319844)
- Goldberg, B.et al. 1998. Effects of intermediates of methionine metabolism and nucleoside analogs on S-adenosylmethionine transport by Trypanosoma brucei brucei and a drug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.. Biochemical Pharmacology 56(1), pp. 95-103. (10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00118-X)
- Thomas, K. K.et al. 1998. Diurnal oscillations of gas production and effluxes (CO2 and CH4) in cores from a peat bog. Biological Rhythm Research 29(3), pp. 247--259. (10.1076/brhm.29.3.247.1442)
- Thomas, K.et al. 1998. Oxygen induces fatty acid (n-6)-desaturation independently of temperature in Acanthamoeba castellanii.. FEBS Letters 425(1), pp. 171--174. (10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00218-x)
- Biagini, G. A.et al. 1998. Lipids and lipid metabolism in the microaerobic free-living diplomonad Hexamita sp.. European Journal of Protistology 34(2), pp. 148--152. (10.1016/S0932-4739(98)80025-4)
- Suller, M. T. and Lloyd, D. 1998. Flow cytometric assessment of the postantibiotic effect of methicillin on Staphylococcus aureus.. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42(5), pp. 1195--1199. (10.1128/AAC.42.5.1195)
- Lloyd, D. and Biaginit, G. A. 1998. Too much O2?. Microbiology 144, pp. 1131. (10.1099/00221287-144-5-1131)
- Edlin, D.et al. 1998. Purification and characterization of hydroxycinnamate decarboxylase from Brettanomyces anomalus. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 22(4), pp. 232--239. (10.1016/S0141-0229(97)00169-5)
- Khunkitti, W.et al. 1998. Biguanide-induced changes in Acanthamoeba castellanii: an electron microscopic study.. Journal of Applied Microbiology 84(1), pp. 53-62. (10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00305.x)
- Khunkitti, W.et al. 1998. Acanthamoeba castellanii: growth, encystment, excystment and biocide susceptibility.. Journal of Infection 36(1), pp. 43--48. (10.1016/s0163-4453(98)93054-7)
- Lloyd, D. 1998. Circadian and ultradian clock-controlled rhythms in unicellular microorganisms.. Advances in Microbial Physiology 39, pp. 291--338. (10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60019-3)
- Biagini, G. A.et al. 1998. Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Fermentation in the Free-Living Primitive Protozoon Hexamita sp.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64(1), pp. 203--207. (10.1128/aem.64.1.203-207.1998)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1998. Micro-ecology of peat: minimally invasive analysis using confocal laser scanning microscopy, membrane inlet mass spectrometry and PCR amplification of methanogen-specific gene sequences. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 25(2), pp. 179-188. (10.1016/S0168-6496(97)00094-9)
1997
- Turner, N. A., Biagini, G. A. and Lloyd, D. 1997. Anaerobiosis-induced differentiation of Acanthamoeba castellanii. FEMS Microbiology Letters 157(1), pp. 149--153. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb12766.x)
- Hall, R. C., Embery, G. and Lloyd, D. 1997. Immunochemical localization of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan lumican in human predentine and dentine.. Archives of Oral Biology 42(10-11), pp. 783--786. (10.1016/s0003-9969(97)00024-1)
- Biagini, G. A., Finlay, B. J. and Lloyd, D. 1997. Evolution of the hydrogenosome.. FEMS Microbiology Letters 155(2), pp. 133--140. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb13869.x)
- Khunkitti, W.et al. 1997. Effects of biocides on Acanthamoeba castellanii as measured by flow cytometry and plaque assay. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 40(2), pp. 227--233., article number: 227. (10.1093/jac/40.2.227)
- Mason, D. J. and Lloyd, D. 1997. Acridine orange as an indicator of bacterial susceptibility to gentamicin. FEMS Microbiology Letters 153(1), pp. 199--204. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10482.x)
- Biagini, G. A.et al. 1997. Oxygen uptake and antioxidant responses of the free-living diplomonad Hexamita sp.. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44(5), pp. 447--453. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05722.x)
- Goldberg, B.et al. 1997. Rapid methylation of cell proteins and lipids in Trypanosoma brucei. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44(4), pp. 352-358. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05676.x)
- Suller, M. T., Stark, J. M. and Lloyd, D. 1997. A flow cytometric study of antibiotic-induced damage and evaluation as a rapid antibiotic susceptibility test for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 40(1), pp. 77--83. (10.1093/jac/40.1.77)
- Williams, I.et al. 1997. The effects of adherence to silicone surfaces on antibiotic susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus.. Microbiology 143 (, pp. 2407--2413. (10.1099/00221287-143-7-2407)
- GOLDBERG, B.et al. 1997. Rapid methylation of cell proteins and lipids in Trypanosoma brucei. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 44(4), pp. 345--351. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.1997.tb05676.x)
- Biagini, G. A.et al. 1997. Ca2+ accumulation in the hydrogenosomes of Neocallimastix frontalis L2: a mitochondrial-like physiological role. FEMS Microbiology Letters 149(2), pp. 227--232. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10333.x)
- Willetts, J. C.et al. 1997. Vitality of cider yeast grown micro-aerobically with added ethanol, butan-j-ol or iso-butanol. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 103(2), pp. 79. (10.1002/j.2050-0416.1997.tb00938.x)
- Lloyd, D. 1997. Chaos and ultradian rhythms. Biological Rhythm Research 28(1), pp. 134--143. (10.1076/brhm.28.1.134.12982)
- Khunkitti, W.et al. 1997. Aspects of the mechanisms of action of biguanides on trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Journal of Applied Microbiology 82(1), pp. 107-114. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.1997.tb03304.x)
- Lloyd, D. 1997. Circadian and ultradian clock-controlled rhythms in unicellular microorganisms. Advances in Microbial Physiology 39, pp. 291--338. (10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60019-3)
1996
- Seward, R.et al. 1996. The effects of ethanol, hexan-1-ol, and 2-phenylethanol on cider yeast growth, viability, and energy status; synergistic inhibition. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 102(6), pp. 439--443. (10.1002/j.2050-0416.1996.tb00928.x)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1996. Flow cytometric monitoring of rhodamine 123 and a cyanine dye uptake by yeast during cider fermentation. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 102(4), pp. 251-259. (10.1002/j.2050-0416.1996.tb00910.x)
- Lloyd, D. 1996. Obligate anaerobe or not?. Nature 381, pp. 121. (10.1038/381121a0)
- Wickramasinghe, N. C., Hoyle, F. and Lloyd, D. 1996. Eruptions of comet Hale-Bopp at 6.5 AU. Astrophysics and Space Science 240(1), pp. 161. (10.1007/BF00640204)
- Thomas, K. L.et al. 1996. Role of wetland plants in the diurnal control of CH4 and CO2 fluxes in peat. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 28(1), pp. 17--23. (10.1016/0038-0717(95)00103-4)
- Benstead, J. and Lloyd, D. 1996. Spatial and temporal variations of dissolved gases (CH4, CO 2, and O 2) in peat cores.. Microbial Ecology 31(1), pp. 57--66. (10.1007/BF00175075)
- Khunkitti, W.et al. 1996. The lethal effects of biguanides on cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii.. J Appl Bacteriol 81(1), pp. 73--77. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.1996.tb03284.x)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1996. Intracellular prokaryotes in rumen ciliate protozoa: detection by confocal laser scanning microscopy after in situ hybridization with fluorescent 16S rRNA probes. European Journal of Protistology 32(4), pp. 523-531. (10.1016/S0932-4739(96)80011-3)
1995
- Lloyd, D. 1995. Microbial processes and the cycling of atmospheric trace gases.. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10(12), pp. 476--478. (10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89192-2)
- Thomas, K. L., Price, D. and Lloyd, D. 1995. A comparison of different methods for the measurement of dissolved gas gradients in waterlogged peat cores. Journal of Microbiological Methods 24(2), pp. 191--198. (10.1016/0167-7012(95)00070-4)
- Dinsdale, M., Lloyd, D. and Jarvis, B. 1995. YEAST VITALITY DURING CIDER FERMENTATION: TWO APPROACHES TO THE MEASUREMENT OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 101(6), pp. 453-458. (10.1002/j.2050-0416.1995.tb00883.x)
- Ryu, J. and Lloyd, D. 1995. Cell cytotoxicity of sodium nitrite, sodium nitroprusside and Roussin's black salt against Trichomonas vaginalis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 130(2-3), pp. 183--187. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07717.x)
- Rutter, A. J., Lloyd, D. and Harwood, J. L. 1995. Characterisation of the fatty acid delta 12-desaturase of Acanthamoeba castellanii.. Biochemical Society Transactions 23(3), pp. 407S. (10.1042/bst023407s)
- Zahniser, M.et al. 1995. Measurement of trace gas fluxes using tunable diode laser spectroscopy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences 351(1696), pp. 371--382. (10.1098/rsta.1995.0040)
- Kippert, F. and Lloyd, D. 1995. A temperature-compensated ultradian clock ticks in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.. Microbiology 141, pp. 883-890. (10.1099/13500872-141-4-883)
- Hillman, K., Williams, A. and Lloyd, D. 1995. Postprandial variations in endogenous metabolic activities of ovine rumen ciliate protozoa. Animal Feed Science and Technology 52(3-4), pp. 237--247. (10.1016/0377-8401(94)00728-R)
- Lloyd, A. and Lloyd, D. 1995. Chaos : Its significance and detection in biology. Biological Rhythm Research 26(2), pp. 233-252. (10.1080/09291019509360338)
- Kippert, F. and Lloyd, D. 1995. The aniline blue fluorochrome specifically stains the septum of both live and fixed Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells. FEMS Microbiology Letters 132(3), pp. 215--219. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07836.x)
- Mason, D. J.et al. 1995. The ability of membrane potential dyes and calcafluor white to distinguish between viable and non-viable bacteria.. JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 78(3), pp. 309--315. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb05031.x)
- Edlin, D. A. N.et al. 1995. The biotransformation of simple phenolic compounds by Brettanomyces anomalus. FEMS Microbiology Letters 125(2-3), pp. 311-315. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07374.x)
- Avery, S., Harwood, J. and Lloyd, D. 1995. Quantification and characterization of phagocytosis in the soil amoeba acanthamoeba castellanii by flow cytometry.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61(3), pp. -.
- Lloyd, D. and Hayes, A. J. 1995. Vigour, vitality and viability of microorganisms. FEMS Microbiology Letters 133(1-2), pp. 1-7. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07852.x)
- Avery, S. V., Harwood, J. L. and Lloyd, D. 1995. Quantification and characterization of phagocytosis in the soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii by flow cytometry.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61(3), pp. 1124-1132.
- Avery, S. V., Lloyd, D. and Harwood, J. L. 1995. Temperature-dependent changes in plasma-membrane lipid order and the phagocytotic activity of the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii are closely correlated.. Biochem J 312(3), pp. 811-816. (10.1042/bj3120811)
1994
- Lloyd, D. 1994. Antecedents of Cardiff microbiology. In: Microbiology: Past, Present, and Future : a Festschrift for Emeritus Professor David Hughes in His Eightieth Year : Contributions Made to Mark the 30th Anniversary of the Chair of Microbiology at Cardiff University. , pp. 13-17.
- Lloyd, D., Wimpenny, J. and Russell, N. 1994. Microbiology at Cardiff. In: Microbiology: Past, Present, and Future: a Festschrift for Emeritus Professor David Hughes in His Eightieth Year: Contributions Made to Mark the 30th Anniversary of the Chair of Microbiology at Cardiff University. , pp. 57-59.
- Lloyd, D. 1994. The university scientist. In: Microbiology: Past, Present, and Future : a Festschrift for Emeritus Professor David Hughes in His Eightieth Year : Contributions Made to Mark the 30th Anniversary of the Chair of Microbiology at Cardiff University. , pp. 199-200.
- Hughes, D. E. Lloyd, D., Venables, A. and Evans, B. eds. 1994. Microbiology: Past, Present, and Future: a Festschrift for Emeritus Professor David Hughes in His Eightieth Year: Contributions Made to Mark the 30th Anniversary of the Chair of Microbiology at Cardiff University. BioLine, School of Pure & Applied Biology, University of Wales College of Cardiff.
- Lloyd, D. 1994. A short history of microsoc. In: Microbiology: Past, Present, and Future : a Festschrift for Emeritus Professor David Hughes in His Eightieth Year : Contributions Made to Mark the 30th Anniversary of the Chair of Microbiology at Cardiff University. , pp. 61-62.
- MASON, D.et al. 1994. Rapid estimation of bacterial antibiotic susceptibility with flow cytometry. Journal of Microscopy 176(1), pp. 8-16. (10.1111/j.1365-2818.1994.tb03494.x)
- Ellis, J. E.et al. 1994. Antioxidant defences in the microaerophilic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis: Comparison of metronidazole-resistant and sensitive strains. Microbiology Society 140(9), pp. 2489-2494. (10.1099/13500872-140-9-2489)
- Dinsdale, M. G., Lloyd, D. and Jarvis, B. 1994. Membrane potential studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during cider fermentation.. Biochemical Society Transactions 22(3), article number: 325S. (10.1042/bst022325s)
- Humphreys, M. J.et al. 1994. Hydrogenosomes in trichomonads are calcium stores and have a transmembrane electrochemical potential.. Biochemical Society Transactions 22(3), pp. 324S. (10.1042/bst022324s)
- Lloyd, D. and Lloyd, A. L. 1994. Hypothesis: a controlled chaotic attractor constitutes the central oscillator of the circadian clock.. Biochemical Society Transactions 22(3), article number: 322S. (10.1042/bst022322s)
- Lloyd, D. and Lloyd, A. 1994. A controlled chaotic attractor could provide a tuneable oscillator for circadian clocks. Biological Rhythm Research 25(2), pp. 235-240. (10.1080/09291019409360297)
- Thomas, K. L., Lloyd, D. and Boddy, L. 1994. Effects of oxygen, pH and nitrate concentration on denitrification by Pseudomonas species.. FEMS Microbiology Letters 118(1-2), pp. 181--186. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06823.x)
- Lloyd, D. 1994. Reply from d. Lloyd.. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9(4), pp. 149. (10.1016/0169-5347(94)90183-X)
- Humphreys, M. J., Allman, R. and Lloyd, D. 1994. Determination of the viability of Trichomonas vaginalis using flow cytometry. Cytometry 15(4), pp. 343-348. (10.1002/cyto.990150410)
- Ellis, J. E.et al. 1994. Polypeptides of hydrogenosome-enriched fractions from rumen ciliate protozoa and trichomonads: immunological studies.. FEMS Microbiology Letters 117(2), pp. 211-216. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06767.x)
- Benstead, J. and Lloyd, D. 1994. Direct mass spectrometric measurement of gases in peat cores. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 13(3), pp. 233--240. (10.1111/j.1574-6941.1994.tb00070.x)
- Avery, S. V., Harwood, J. L. and Lloyd, D. 1994. Low temperature-induced adaptations in lipid metabolism and physiological function in Acanthamoeba castellanii cultures of different ages.. Biochem Soc Trans 22(3), pp. 257S. (10.1042/bst022257s)
- AVERY, S. V., LLOYD, D. and HARWOOD, J. L. 1994. Changes in membrane fatty acid composition and Δ12‐Desaturase activity during growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii in batch culture. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 41(4), pp. 396-401. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.1994.tb06096.x)
- Lloyd, D. 1994. A controlled chaotic attractor controls life. In: Gneiger, E., Gellerich, F. N. and Wyss, M. eds. What is Controlling Life? 50 years after Erwin Schrödinger's What is Life?., Vol. 3. Modern trends in biothermokinetics Innsbruck: Innsbruck University Press, pp. 77-80.
- Avery, S. V., Lloyd, D. and Harwood, J. L. 1994. Growth-dependent changes of delta 12-desaturase activity and unsaturation of membrane fatty acids in Acanthamoeba castellanii.. Biochem Soc Trans 22(2), pp. 200S. (10.1042/bst022200s)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1994. Studies of the bacterial endosymbionts of "anaerobic protozoa" using fluorescently-labelled rRNA-targetted oligonucleotide probes.. Biochemical Society Transactions 22(3), article number: 323S. (10.1042/bst022323s)
1993
- Lloyd, D. and Kippert, F. 1993. Intracellular coordination by the ultradian clock.. Cell Biology International 17(12), pp. 1047-1052. (10.1006/cbir.1993.1037)
- Lloyd, D. and Rossi, E. L. 1993. Biological rhythms as organization and information.. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 68(4), pp. 563-577. (10.1111/j.1469-185x.1993.tb01244.x)
- Lauritsen, F. R. and Lloyd, D. 1993. Direct detection of volatile metabolites produced by microorganisms: Membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Presented at: 204th American Chemical Society meeting, 23-28 Aug 1992 Presented at Fenselau, C. ed.Mass Spectrometry for the Characterization of Microorganisms, Vol. 541. ACS Symposium Series Washington, DC: ACS Publications pp. 91-106., (10.1021/bk-1994-0541.ch007)
- Jones, A. L., Lloyd, D. and Harwood, J. L. 1993. Rapid induction of microsomal delta 12(omega 6)-desaturase activity in chilled Acanthamoeba castellanii.. Biochemical Journal 296 (, pp. 183--188. (10.1042/bj2960183)
- Lloyd, D. 1993. Aerobic denitrification in soils and sediments: From fallacies to factx.. Trends Ecol Evol 8(10), pp. 352--356. (10.1016/0169-5347(93)90218-E)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1993. Effects of growth with ethanol on fermentation and membrane fluidity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. Yeast 9(8), pp. 825--833. (10.1002/yea.320090803)
- Mason, D. J., Lloyd, A. L. and Lloyd, D. 1993. An inexpensive infrared growth sensor array for detection of bacterial antibiotic susceptibility.. FEMS Microbiology Letters 111(2-3), pp. 251--254. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06394.x)
- Ellis, J. E.et al. 1993. Electron transport components of the parasitic protozoon Giardia lamblia.. FEBS Letters 325(3), pp. 196-200. (10.1016/0014-5793(93)81072-8)
- Lloyd, A. L. and Lloyd, D. 1993. Hypothesis: the central oscillator of the circadian clock is a controlled chaotic attractor. BioSystems 29(2-3), pp. 77--85. (10.1016/0303-2647(93)90085-Q)
- Lauritsen, F. R., Kotiaho, T. and Lloyd, D. 1993. Rapid and direct monitoring of volatile fermentation products in the fungus Bjerkandera adusta by membrane inlet tandem mass spectrometry. Biological Mass Spectrometry 22(10), pp. 585-589. (10.1002/bms.1200221005)
- Ellis, J. E.et al. 1993. Oxygen affinities of metronidazole-resistant and -sensitive stocks of Giardia intestinalis.. International Journal for Parasitology 23(1), pp. 35-39. (10.1016/0020-7519(93)90095-g)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1993. Combined 13 C NMR-and mass-spectrometry for non-invasive monitoring of metabolism. Biotechnology Techniques 7(2), pp. 85--90. (10.1007/BF00157376)
- Benstead, J., Archer, D. and Lloyd, D. 1993. Rapid method for monitoring methanogenic activities in mixed culture: effects of inhibitory compounds. Biotechnology Techniques 7(1), pp. 31--36. (10.1007/BF00151086)
- Williams, A. G. and Lloyd, D. 1993. Biological activities of symbiotic and parasitic protozoa and fungi in low-oxygen environments. In: Advances in Microbial Ecology, vol. 13., Vol. 13. Advances in Microbial Ecology Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 211-262., (10.1007/978-1-4615-2858-6_5)
- Lloyd, D. ed. 1993. Flow cytometry in microbiology. London: Springer. (10.1007/978-1-4471-2017-9)
1992
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1992. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry: probing the rumen ecosystem.. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser 21, pp. 155S-163S. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb03635.x)
- Ellis, J. E., Cole, D. and Lloyd, D. 1992. Influence of oxygen on the fermentative metabolism of metronidazole-sensitive and resistant strains of Trichomonas vaginalis.. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 56(1), pp. 79-88. (10.1016/0166-6851(92)90156-e)
- Lloyd, D. and Rossi, E. L. eds. 1992. Ultradian rhythms in life processes: An inquiry into fundamental principles of chronobiology and psychobiology. [Ultradian Rhythms in Life Processes: An Inquiry Into Fundamental Principles of Chronobiology and Psychobiology]. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Paget, T. A.et al. 1992. The effects of oxygen on fermentation in Giardia lamblia. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 57(1), pp. 65--71. (10.1016/0166-6851(93)90244-r)
- Lloyd, D., James, C. J. and Maitra, P. K. 1992. Mutations in phosphofructokinases alter the control characteristics of glycolysis in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. Yeast 8(4), pp. 291--301. (10.1002/yea.320080406)
- Degn, H. and Lloyd, D. 1992. Enzyme activity in organic solvent as a function of water activity determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Biotechnology Techniques 6(2), pp. 161-164. (10.1007/BF02438824)
1991
- Carlsen, H. N., Degn, H. and Lloyd, D. 1991. Effects of alcohols on the respiration and fermentation of aerated suspensions of baker's yeast. Microbiology 137(12), pp. 2879--2883.
- Ellis, J. E.et al. 1991. The influence of ruminal concentrations of O2 and CO2 on fermentative metabolism of the rumen entodiniomorphid ciliateEudiplodinium maggii. Current Microbiology 23(5), pp. 245-251. (10.1007/BF02092025)
- JONES, A.et al. 1991. Temperature‐induced Changes in the Synthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids by Acanthamoeba castellanii. The Journal of Protozoology 38(6), pp. 532-536. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.1991.tb06076.x)
- Lloyd, D. and Stupfel, M. 1991. The occurrence and functions of ultradian rhythms.. Biological Reviews 66(3), pp. 275--299. (10.1111/j.1469-185x.1991.tb01143.x)
- Hillman, K., Williams, A. and Lloyd, D. 1991. The influence of headspace gas composition on the production of VFA by rumen ciliate protozoa. Letters in Applied Microbiology 13(1), pp. 11-15. (10.1111/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00557.x)
- Lloyd, D., Lauritsen, F. R. and Degn, H. 1991. The parasitic flagellates Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetu produce indole and dimethyl disulphide: direct characterization by membrane inlet tandem mass spectrometry. Microbiology 137(7), pp. 1743-1747. (10.1099/00221287-137-7-1743)
- Benstead, J., Archer, D. and Lloyd, D. 1991. Formate utilization by members of the genus Methanobacterium. Archives of Microbiology 156(1), pp. 34--37. (10.1007/BF00418184)
- Ellis, J. E.et al. 1991. Influence of CO2 and low concentrations of O2 on fermentative metabolism of the rumen ciliate Dasytricha ruminantium.. Journal of General Microbiology 137(6), pp. 1409--1417. (10.1099/00221287-137-6-1409)
- Lauritsen, F.et al. 1991. Identification of dissolved volatile metabolites in microbial cultures by membrane inlet tandem mass spectrometry. Biological Mass Spectrometry 20(5), pp. 253-258. (10.1002/bms.1200200504)
- Ellis, J. E.et al. 1991. Influence of CO2 and low concentrations of O2 on fermentative metabolism of the ruminal ciliate Polyplastron multivesiculatum.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57(5), pp. 1400-1407.
- Hillman, K., Williams, A. G. and Lloyd, D. 1991. Evaluation of matrices in the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) for the maintenance of ciliate protozoa. Letters in Applied Microbiology 12(4), pp. 129-132. (10.1111/j.1472-765X.1991.tb00522.x)
- Lloyd, D. and Volkov, E. I. 1991. The ultradian clock: Timekeeping for intracellular dynamics. In: Mosekilde, E. and Mosekilde, L. eds. Complexity, Chaos, and Biological Evolution. Oxford and New York, NY: Plenum Press, pp. 51-59., (10.1007/978-1-4684-7847-1_4)
1990
- Allman, R.et al. 1990. Growth of Azotobacter vinelandii with correlation of Coulter cell size, flow cytometric parameters, and ultrastructure.. Cytometry 11(7), pp. 822--831. (10.1002/cyto.990110708)
- Paget, T. A., Fry, M. and Lloyd, D. 1990. Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Ascaridia galli: characterization of peroxisomes.. Experimental Parasitology 71(2), pp. 236--240. (10.1016/0014-4894(90)90026-9)
- Paget, T. A.et al. 1990. Giardia lamblia produces alanine anaerobically but not in the presence of oxygen.. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 42(1), pp. 63--67. (10.1016/0166-6851(90)90113-z)
- Paget, T. A. and Lloyd, D. 1990. Trichomonas vaginalis requires traces of oxygen and high concentrations of carbon dioxide for optimal growth.. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 41(1), pp. 65--72. (10.1016/0166-6851(90)90097-6)
- Ellis, J. E., Williams, A. G. and Lloyd, D. 1990. Formate and glucose stimulation of methane and hydrogen production in rumen liquor. Current Microbiology 20(4), pp. 251-254. (10.1007/BF02089419)
- Jenkins, H., Griffiths, A. and Lloyd, D. 1990. Selection-synchronized Chlamydomonas reinhardii display ultradian but not circadian rhythms. Biological Rhythm Research 21(1), pp. 75--80. (10.1080/09291019009360027)
- Lloyd, D. 1990. Measurement of oxygen using luminescent bacteria. In: Wise, D. L. ed. Bioinstrumentation: Research Developments and Applications. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, pp. 301-315.
- Boddy, L. and Lloyd, D. 1990. Portable mass spectrometry: a potentially useful ecological tool for simultaneous, continuous measurement of gases in situ in soils and sediments. In: Harrison, A. F., Ineson, P. and Heal, O. W. eds. Nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: field methods, application and interpretation. Barking,UK:, pp. 139.
- Benstead, J., Archer, D. B. and Lloyd, D. 1990. Role of hydrogen in the growth of mutualistic methanogenic cocultures. In: Belaich, J., Bruschi, M. and Garcia, J. eds. Microbiology and Biochemistry of Strict Anaerobes Involved in Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer. Springer, pp. 161., (10.1007/978-1-4613-0613-9_14)
1989
- Ellis, J. E., Williams, A. G. and Lloyd, D. 1989. Oxygen consumption by ruminal microorganisms: protozoal and bacterial contributions.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55(10), pp. 2583--2587. (10.1128/aem.55.10.2583-2587.1989)
- Jenkins, H., Griffiths, A. and Lloyd, D. 1989. Simultaneous operation of ultradian and circadian rhythms in Chlamydomonas reinhardii. Biological Rhythm Research 20(4), pp. 257--264. (10.1080/09291018909360013)
- Davies, K. J., Lloyd, D. and Boddy, L. 1989. The effect of oxygen on denitrification in Paracoccus denitrificans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. Microbiology 135(9), pp. 2445-2451. (10.1099/00221287-135-9-2445)
- Lloyd, D., Coombs, G. H. and Paget, T. A. P. eds. 1989. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of "Anaerobic" Protozoa. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
- Paget, T.et al. 1989. Respiratory activity in Giardia spp. In: Biochemistry and molecular biology of anaerobic protozoa. , pp. 186-201.
- Paget, T., Mendis, A. and Lloyd, D. 1989. Respiration in the filarial nematode Brugia pahangi. International Journal for Parasitology 19(3), pp. 337--343. (10.1016/0020-7519(89)90145-8)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1989. Hydrogen production by rumen holotrich protozoa: effects of oxygen and implications for metabolic control by in situ conditions.. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 36(2), pp. 205--213. (10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb01075.x)
- Gopal, C. V., Broad, D. and Lloyd, D. 1989. Bioenergetic consequences of protein overexpression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 30(2), pp. 160-165. (10.1007/BF00264005)
- Khalil, E.et al. 1989. The effect of detergent on methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri. FEMS Microbiology Letters 57(3), pp. 313--316. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03355.x)
- Paget, T. A.et al. 1989. Respiration in the cysts and trophozoites of Giardia muris.. Microbiology 135(1), pp. 145--154. (10.1099/00221287-135-1-145)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1989. Oxygen and aerotolerant protozoa: Studies using non-invasive techniques. In: Lloyd, D., Coombs, G. H. and Paget, T. A. P. eds. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of "Anaerobic" Protozoa. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic, pp. 1-21.
- Lloyd, D. and Coombs, G. H. 1989. Aerotolerantly anerobic protozoa: Some unsolved problems. In: Lloyd, D., Coombs, G. H. and Paget, T. A. P. eds. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of "Anaerobic" Protozoa. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic, pp. 267-286.
- Lloyd, D., Coombs, G. H. and Paget, T. A. P. 1989. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of “Anaerobic” Protozoa. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic.
1988
- Gaunt, D. M., Degn, H. and Lloyd, D. 1988. The influence of oxygen and organic hydrogen acceotors on glycolytic dioxide production in Brettanomyces anomalus. Yeast 4(4), pp. 249-255. (10.1002/yea.320040403)
- Paget, T. A., Fry, M. and Lloyd, D. 1988. The O2-dependence of respiration and H2O2 production in the parasitic nematode Ascaridia galli.. Biochemical Journal 256(2), pp. 633--639. (10.1042/bj2560633)
- Paget, T. A., Fry, M. and Lloyd, D. 1988. The O2-dependence of respiration and H2O2 production in the parasitic nematode Ascaridia galli. Biochemical Journal 256(2), pp. 633--639. (10.1042/bj2560633)
- Paget, T., Fry, M. and Lloyd, D. 1988. Haemoprotein terminal oxidases in the nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Ascaridia galli. Biochemical Journal 256(1), pp. 295--298. (10.1042/bj2560295)
- Paget, T. A., Fry, M. and Lloyd, D. 1988. Haemoprotein terminal oxidases in the nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Ascaridia galli. Biochemical Journal 256(1), pp. 295-298. (10.1042/bj2560295)
- Lloyd, D. and Whitmore, T. N. 1988. Hydrogen‐dependent control of the continuous thermophilic anaerobic digestion process using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Letters in Applied Microbiology 6(1), pp. 5-10. (10.1111/j.1472-765X.1988.tb01202.x)
- Khalil, E.et al. 1988. The effects of detergents on anaerobic digestion. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 29(5), pp. 517--522. (10.1007/BF00269079)
- Hillman, K., Lloyd, D. and Williams, A. 1988. Interactions between the methanogen Methanosarcina barkeri and rumen holotrich ciliate protozoa. Letters in Applied Microbiology 7(3), pp. 49-53. (10.1111/j.1472-765X.1988.tb01250.x)
- Boffey, S. A. and Lloyd, D. eds. 1988. Division and Segregation of Organelles. Society for experimental biology seminar series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Paget, T. A. and Lloyd, D. 1988. Effects of reducing agents on the metabolism and morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis. In: Lloydd, D., Coombs, G. H. and Paget, T. A. P. eds. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of "Anaerobic" Protozoa. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic, pp. 267-286.
1987
- Yarlett, N.et al. 1987. Nitroimidazole and oxygen derived radicals detected by electron spin resonance in hydrogenosomal and cytosolic fractions from Trichomonas vaginalis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 24(3), pp. 255--261. (10.1016/0166-6851(87)90157-5)
- Whitmore, T.et al. 1987. Hydrogen-dependent control of the continuous anaerobic digestion process. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 26(4), pp. 383--388. (10.1007/BF00256675)
- Lloyd, D. and James, C. 1987. The Pasteur effect in yeasts: mass spectrometric monitoring of oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide and ethanol production. FEMS Microbiology Letters 42(1), pp. 27--31. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02294.x)
- Lloyd, D., Boddy, L. and Davies, K. J. 1987. Persistence of bacterial denitrification capacity under aerobic conditions: the rule rather than the exception. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 3(3), pp. 185--190. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02354.x)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1987. The effects of oxygen on fermentation in Tritrichomonas foetus KV1 and its variant 1MR-100 with defective hydrogenosomes. Microbiology 133(5), pp. 1181-1186. (10.1099/00221287-133-5-1181)
- Paget, T., Fry, M. and Lloyd, D. 1987. Hydrogen peroxide production in uncoupled mitochondria of the parasitic nematode worm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Biochemical Journal 243(2), pp. 589--595. (10.1042/bj2430589)
- Lloyd, D. 1987. Biochemistry of the cell cycle. Biochemical Journal 242(2), pp. 313-321. (10.1042/bj2420313)
- Edwards, S. W. and Lloyd, D. 1987. CO-reacting haemoproteins of neutrophils: Evidence for cytochrome b-245 and myeloperoxidase as potential oxidases during the respiratory burst. Bioscience Reports 7(3), pp. 193--199. (10.1007/BF01124789)
- Yarlett, N.et al. 1987. Reduction of niridazole by metronidazole resistant and susceptible strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology 94(1), pp. 93-99. (10.1017/S0031182000053488)
- Paget, T. A., Fry, M. and Lloyd, D. 1987. Effects of inhibitors on the oxygen kinetics of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 22(2-3), pp. 125--133. (10.1016/0166-6851(87)90042-9)
- Lloyd, D. and Kippert, F. 1987. A temperature-compensated ultradian clock explains temperature-dependent quantal cell cycle times. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 41, pp. 135-155.
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1987. Methanogenesis in the rumen: Mass spectrometric monitoring. In: Heinzle, E. and Reuss, M. eds. Mass Spectrometry in Biotechnological Process Analysis and Control. Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 91-103., (10.1007/978-1-4757-0169-2_8)
- Whitmore, T. N.et al. 1987. Methanogenesis in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digesters: Monitoring and control based on dissolved hydrogen. In: Heinzle, E. and Reuss, M. eds. Mass Spectrometry in Biotechnological Process Analysis and Control. Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 143-162., (10.1007/978-1-4757-0169-2_12)
1986
- Lloyd, D. and Edwards, S. 1986. Temperature-compensated ultradian rhythms in lower eukaryotes: Periodic turnover coupled to a timer for cell division. Biological Rhythm Research 17(4), pp. 321--326. (10.1080/09291018609359923)
- Hill, D. J.et al. 1986. Changes in proteinase activities and subcellular distribution during inactivation of alcohol oxidase in Candida boidinii.. The Biochemical Journal 238(1), pp. 255-261. (10.1042/bj2380255)
- Ranalli, G., Whitmore, T. N. and Lloyd, D. 1986. Methanogenesis from methanol in Methanosarcina barkeri studied using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. FEMS Microbiology Letters 35(2-3), pp. 119. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01512.x)
- Yarlett, N., Yarlett, N. and Lloyd, D. 1986. Metronidazole-resistant clinical isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis have lowered oxygen affinities. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 19(2), pp. 111--116. (10.1016/0166-6851(86)90115-5)
- Yarlett, N., Yarlett, N. C. and Lloyd, D. 1986. Ferredoxin-dependent reduction of nitroimidazole derivatives in drug-resistant and susceptible strains of Trichomonas vaginalis. Biochemical Pharmacology 35(10), pp. 1703--1708. (10.1016/0006-2952(86)90327-8)
- Lloyd, D., Davies, K. and Boddy, L. 1986. Mass spectrometry as en ecological tool for in situ measurement of dissolved gases in sediment systems. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2(1), pp. 11--17. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01933.x)
- Chapman, A.et al. 1986. Respiration of Trichomonas vaginalis Components detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. European Journal of Biochemistry 156(1), pp. 193-198. (10.1111/j.1432-1033.1986.tb09567.x)
- Edwards, S. W. and Lloyd, D. 1986. Formation of myeloperoxidase compound II during aerobic stimulation of rat neutrophils. Bioscience Reports 6(3), pp. 275--282. (10.1007/BF01115156)
- Yarlett, N.et al. 1986. Cryopreservation of the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix patriciarum. Letters in Applied Microbiology 3(1), pp. 1-3. (10.1111/j.1472-765X.1986.tb01533.x)
- Lloyd, D. 1986. Chairman's summary of session B. Biochemical Pharmacology 35(1), pp. 65-65. (10.1016/0006-2952(86)90558-7)
- Lloyd, D., Yarlett, N. and Yarlett, N. 1986. Inhibition of hydrogen production in drug-resistant and susceptible Trichomonas vaginalis strains by a range of nitroimidazole derivatives. Biochemical Pharmacology 35(1), pp. 61--64. (10.1016/0006-2952(86)90556-3)
- Alobaidi, H.et al. 1986. Host defence in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: The effect of the dialysate on phagocyte function. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1(1), pp. 16-21. (10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a091434)
1985
- Hill, D. J., Hann, A. C. and Lloyd, D. 1985. Degradative inactivation of the peroxisomal enzyme, alcohol oxidase, during adaptation of methanol-grown Candida boidinii to ethanol.. Biochemical Journal 232(3), pp. 743-750. (10.1042/bj2320743)
- Hillman, K., Lloyd, D. and Williams, A. G. 1985. Use of a portable quadrupole mass spectrometer for the measurement of dissolved gas concentrations in ovine rumen liquor in situ. Current Microbiology 12(6), pp. 335--339. (10.1007/BF01567893)
- LLOYD, D., JAMES, C. J. and HASTINGS, J. W. 1985. Oxygen affinities of the bioluminescence systems of various species of luminous bacteria. Microbiology 131(9), pp. 2137--2140. (/10.1099/00221287-131-9-2137)
- Whitmore, T., Lazzari, M. and Lloyd, D. 1985. Comparative studies of methanogenesis in thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digesters using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Biotechnology Letters 7(4), pp. 283--288. (10.1007/BF01042379)
- Lloyd, D., Bohatka, S. and Szilagyi, J. 1985. Quadrupole mass spectrometry in the monitoring and control of fermentations. Biosensors 1(2), pp. 179--212. (10.1016/0265-928X(85)80003-1)
- Lloyd, D. 1985. Simultaneous dissolved oxygen and redox measurements: Use of polarographic, bioluminescence and mass spectrometric monitoring combined with dual-wavelength spectrophotometry. Presented at: Symposium on Gas Enzymology, Odense, Denmark, 28–29 May 1984 Presented at Degn, H., Cox, R. P. and Toftlund, H. eds.Gas Enzymology. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company pp. 37-53., (10.1007/978-94-009-5279-9_3)
- Hillman, K., Lloyd, D. and Williams, A. G. 1985. Continuous monitoring of fermentation gases in an artificial rumen system (Rusitec) using a membrane-inlet probe on a portable quadrupole mass spectrometer. Presented at: Symposium on Gas Enzymology, 28–29 May 1984 Presented at Degn, H., Cox, R. P. and Toftlund, H. eds.Gas Enzymology. Dordrecht: Springer pp. 201-206., (10.1007/978-94-009-5279-9_14)
- Abdul, P. and Lloyd, D. 1985. Pathogen survival during anaerobic digestion: Fatty acids inhibit anaerobic growth ofEscherichia coli. Biotechnology Letters 7(2), pp. 125--128. (10.1007/BF01026683)
- Abdul, P. and Lloyd, D. 1985. The Survival of antibiotic resistant and sensitive Escherichia coli strains during anaerobic digestion. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 22(5), pp. 373--377. (10.1007/BF00582423)
1984
- Yarlett, N.et al. 1984. Hydrogenosomes in known species of rumen entodiniomorphid protozoa. FEMS Microbiology Letters 21(1), pp. 15--19. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1984.tb00178.x)
1983
- Lloyd, D. and Scott, R. I. 1983. Direct measurement of dissolved gases in microbiological systems using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Journal of Microbiological Methods 1(6), pp. 313-328. (10.1016/0167-7012(83)90008-8)
- Yarlett, N.et al. 1983. A note on the effects of oxygen on hydrogen production by the rumen protozoon Dasytricha ruminantium Schuberg. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 55(2), pp. 359-361. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb01332.x)
- Unitt, M., Scott, R. and Lloyd, D. 1983. Adaptation of terminal respiration pathways of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST to growth with added iron or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 74(3), pp. 567--571. (10.1016/0305-0491(83)90230-4)
- Scott, R.et al. 1983. The presence of oxygen in rumen liquor and its effects on methanogenesis. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 55(1), pp. 143-149. (10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02658.x)
- Lloyd, D., Kristensen, B. and Degn, H. 1983. Glycolysis and respiration in yeasts: the effect of ammonium ions studied by mass spectrometry. Microbiology 129(7), pp. 2125-2127. (10.1099/00221287-129-7-2125)
- Scott, R. I., Williams, T. N. and Lloyd, D. 1983. Oxygen sensitivity of methanogenesis in rumen and anaerobic digester populations using mass spectrometry. Biotechnology Letters 5(6), pp. 375--380. (doi.org/10.1007/BF00131275)
- Lloyd, D., Kristensen, B. and Degn, H. 1983. Glycolysis and respiration in yeasts: The Pasteur effect studied by mass spectrometry.. Biochemical Journal 212(3), pp. 749-754. (10.1042/bj2120749)
- Scott, R. I. and Lloyd, D. 1983. Photochemical action spectra indicate that cytochrome a/a3 is the predominant haemoprotein terminal oxidase in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochemical Journal 210(3), pp. -. (10.1042/bj2100721)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1983. Adaptation of the respiratory system of Acanthamoeba castellanii to anaerobiosis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 17(1-3), pp. 143--146. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00389.x)
- Costas, M.et al. 1983. Restriction enzyme analysis of mitochondrial DNA of members of the genus Acanthamoeba as an aid in taxonomy. FEMS Microbiology Letters 17(1-3), pp. 231-234.
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1983. Mitochondrial cytochromes of Acanthamoeba castellanii: Oscillatory accumulation of haemoproteins, immunological determinants and activity during the cell cycle. FEMS Microbiology Letters 16(2-3), pp. 307--312. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00308.x)
1982
- Lloyd, D., Mellor, H. and Williams, J. L. 1982. Oxygen affinity of the respiratory chain of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochemical Journal 214, pp. 47-51. (10.1042/bj2140047)
- Yarlett, N., Lloyd, D. and Williams, A. G. 1982. Respiration of the rumen ciliate Dasytricha ruminantium Schuberg. Biochemical Journal 206(2), pp. 259--266. (10.1042/bj2060259)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1982. Cytochrome a620 in Tetrahymena pyriformis: Reactions with carbon monoxide and oxygen at subzero temperatures and photochemical action spectra. Biochemical Journal 206(2), pp. 367-372. (10.1042/bj2060367)
- Yarlett, N., Lloyd, D. and Williams, A. G. 1982. Respiration of the rumen ciliate Dasytricha ruminantium Schuberg. Biochemical Journal 206(2), pp. 259-266. (10.1042/bj2060259)
- Lloyd, D., Edwards, S. W. and Fry, J. C. 1982. Temperature-compensated oscillations in respiration and cellular protein content in synchronous cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 79(12), pp. 3785--3788. (10.1073/pnas.79.12.3785)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1982. Oxygen affinities of the hydrogenosome-containing protozoa Tritrichomonas foetus and Dasytricha ruminantium, and two aerobic protozoa, determined by bacterial bioluminescence. Microbiology 128(5), pp. 1019--1022. (10.1099/00221287-128-5-1019)
- Lloyd, D., Edwards, S. W. and Fry, J. C. 1982. Temperature-compensated oscillations in respiration and cellular protein content in synchronous cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 79(12), pp. 3785-3788. (10.1073/pnas.79.12.3785)
1981
- Lloyd, D., Edwards, S. W. and Williams, J. L. 1981. Oscillatory accumulation of total cellular protein in synchronous cultures of Candida utilis. FEMS Microbiology Letters 12(3), pp. 295--298. (10.1111/j.1574-6968.1981.tb07661.x)
- Lloyd, D., Edwards, S. W. and Chance, B. 1981. Carbon monoxide- and oxygen-reacting haemoproteins in the mitochondrial fraction from the soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii: Studies at subzero temperatures.. The Biochemical Journal 200(2), pp. 337-342. (10.1042/bj2000337)
- Yarlett, N.et al. 1981. Hydrogenosomes in the rumen protozoon Dasytricha ruminantium Schuberg. Biochemical Journal 200(2), pp. 365--372. (10.1042/bj2000365)
- Unitt, M. and Lloyd, D. 1981. Effects of inhibitors on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of Tetrahymena pyriformis ST. Microbiology 126(2), pp. 261--266. (10.1099/00221287-126-2-261)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1981. A membrane-covered photobacterium probe for oxygen measurements in the nanomolar range. Analytical Biochemistry 116(1), pp. 17--21. (10.1016/0003-2697(81)90315-8)
- Lloyd, D., Kristensen, B. and Degn, H. 1981. Oxidative detoxification of hydrogen sulphide detected by mass spectrometry in the soil amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Microbiology 126(1), pp. 167-170. (10.1099/00221287-126-1-167)
- Edwards, S. W., Evans, J. B. and Lloyd, D. 1981. Oscillatory accumulation of catalase during the cell cycle of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Microbiology 125(2), pp. 459-462. (10.1099/00221287-125-2-459)
- Yarlett, N. and Lloyd, D. 1981. Effects of inhibitors on mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of Crithidia fasciculata: an unusual pattern of specificities. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 3(1), pp. 13--17. (10.1016/0166-6851(81)90073-6)
1980
- Edwards, S. W. and Lloyd, D. 1980. Oscillations in protein and RNA content during synchronous growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii: evidence for periodic turnover of macromolecules during the cell cycle. FEBS Letters 109(1), pp. 21--26. (10.1016/0014-5793(80)81302-0)
- Bashford, C.et al. 1980. Oscillations of redox states in synchronously dividing cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Biophysical Journal 29(1), pp. 1-11. (10.1016/S0006-3495(80)85114-9)
1979
- Poole, R. K., Lloyd, D. and Chance, B. 1979. The reaction of cytochrome oxidase with oxygen in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-. Studies at subzero temperatures and measurement of apparent oxygen affinity. Biochemical Journal 184(3), pp. 555--563. (10.1042/bj1840555)
- Lloyd, D., Lindmark, D. G. and MÜLLER, M. 1979. Adenosine triphosphatase activity of Tritrichomonas foetus. Microbiology 115(2), pp. 301-307. (10.1099/00221287-115-2-301)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1979. Chemiluminescence of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochemical Journal 184(1), pp. 149-156. (10.1042/bj1840149)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1979. The effect of inhibitors on the oxygen kinetics of terminal oxidases of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochemical Journal 182(1), pp. 11-15. (10.1042/bj1820011)
- Lloyd, D., Lindmark, D. G. and Müller, M. 1979. Respiration of Tritrichomonas foetus: absence of detectable cytochromes. Journal of Parasitology 65(3), pp. 466-469. (10.2307/3280301)
1978
- Lloyd, D. and Edwards, S. W. 1978. Properties of mitochondria isolated from cyanide-sensitive and cyanide-stimulated cultures of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochemical Journal 174(1), pp. 203-211. (10.1042/bj1740203)
- Lloyd, D. and Edwards, S. W. 1978. Terminal oxidases: A summary. Presented at: Febs Federation of European Biochemical Societies 11th meeting Presented at Degn, H., Lloyd, D. and Hill, G. C. eds.Functions of Alternative Terminal Oxidases, Vol. 45. FEBS Meeting Oxford and New York, NY: Pergamon pp. 187-193., (10.1016/B978-0-08-022630-9.50023-2)
- Lloyd, D. and Edwards, S. W. 1978. Electron transport pathways alternative to the main phosphorylating respiratory chain. Presented at: Febs Federation of European Biochemical Societies 11th meeting, 1977 Presented at Degn, H., Lloyd, D. and Hill, G. C. eds.Functions of Alternative Terminal Oxidases. Oxford: Pergamon Press pp. 1-10., (10.1016/B978-0-08-022630-9.50005-0)
- Degn, H., Lloyd, D. and Hill, G. C. eds. 1978. Functions of Alternative Terminal Oxidases. Febs Federation of European Biochemical Societies 11Th Meeting Copenhagen 1977. Oxford and New York, NY: Pergamon Press. (10.1016/C2013-0-03004-6)
1977
- Edwards, S. W.et al. 1977. The cytochromes of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochemical Journal 168(1), pp. 113-121. (10.1042/bj1680113)
- Lloyd, D. and Edwards, S. D. 1977. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-: Changes in inhibitor sensitivities during the cell cycle indicate similarities and differences in binding sites. Biochemical Journal 162(3), pp. 581-590. (10.1042/bj1620581)
- Lloyd, D.et al. 1977. Continuous flow cell cycle fractionation of eukaryotic microorganisms. Journal of General Microbiology 99(1), pp. 223-227. (10.1099/00221287-99-1-223)
- Edwards, S. W. and Lloyd, D. 1977. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-: Changes in activity and oligomycin-sensitivity during the cell cycle of catabolite-repressed and -de-repressed cells. Biochemical Journal 162(1), pp. 39-46. (10.1042/bj1620039)
- Coakley, W., Bater, A. and Lloyd, D. 1977. Disruption of Micro-organisms. Advances in Microbial Physiology 16(C), pp. 279-341. (10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60050-8)
1976
- Lloyd, D. and Edwards, S. W. 1976. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-: Changes in activity and inhibitor-sensitivity in response to catabolite repression. Biochemical Journal 160(2), pp. 335-342. (10.1042/bj1600335)
1975
- Edwards, C., Statham, M. and Lloyd, D. 1975. The preparation of large-scale synchronous cultures of the trypanosomatid, Crithidia fasciculata, by cell-size selection: changes in respiration and adenylate charge through the cell-cycle. Microbiology 88(1), pp. 141--152. (10.1099/00221287-88-1-141)
- Ohnishi, T., Cartledge, T. G. and Lloyd, D. 1975. The development of mitochondrial iron-sulfur proteins during respiratory adaptation of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. FEBS LETTERS 52(1), pp. 90--94. (10.1016/0014-5793(75)80645-4)
1974
- Poole, R. K. and Lloyd, D. 1974. Changes in respiratory activities during the cell-cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pompe 972h--growing in the presence of glycerol.. The Biochemical Journal 144(1), pp. 141-148. (10.1042/bj1440141)
- Poole, R. K., Lloyd, D. and Chance, B. 1974. The development of cytochromes during the cell cycle of a glucose-repressed fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-.. Biochemical Journal 138(2), pp. 201-210. (10.1042/bj1380201)
1973
- Poole, R. K. and Lloyd, D. 1973. Effect of 2-deoxy-d-glucose on growth and cell walls of Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 88(4), pp. 257--272. (10.1007/BF00409939)
- Cooper, R. A., Bowen, I. D. and Lloyd, D. 1973. The properties and subcellular localization of acid phosphatases in the colourless alga, Polytomella caeca. Journal of Cell Science 15(3), pp. 605-618.
- Poole, R. and Lloyd, D. 1973. Oscillations of enzyme activities during the cell-cycle of a glucose-repressed fission-yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h. Biochemical Journal 136(1), pp. 195--207. (10.1042/bj1360195)
- Poole, R., Lloyd, D. and Kemp, R. 1973. Respiratory oscillations and heat evolution in synchronously dividing cultures of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h. Microbiology 77(1), pp. 209. (10.1099/00221287-77-1-209)
- Cartledge, T. G. and Lloyd, D. 1973. Changes in enzyme activities and distributions during glucose de-repression and respiratory adaptation of anaerobically grown Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.. Biochemical Journal 132(3), pp. 609-621. (10.1042/bj1320609)
1972
- Cartledge, T. G.et al. 1972. The development of the respiratory chain of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis during respiratory adaptation.. Biochemical Journal 130(3), pp. 739-747. (10.1042/bj1300739)
- Lloyd, D. and Chance, B. 1972. The cytochromes of mitochondria from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST.. Biochemical Journal 128(5), pp. 1171-1182. (10.1042/bj1281171)
- Cartledge, T. G. and Lloyd, D. 1972. Subcellular fractionation by zonal centrifugation of glucose-repressed anaerobically grown Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.. Biochemical Journal 127(4), pp. 693-703. (10.1042/bj1270693)
- Cartledge, T. G. and Lloyd, D. 1972. Subcellular fractionation of particles containing acid hydrolases from Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.. Biochemical Journal 126(3), pp. 755-757. (10.1042/bj1260755)
- Cartledge, T. G. and Lloyd, D. 1972. Subcellular fractionation by differential and zonal centrifugation of aerobically grown glucose-de-repressed Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.. Biochemical Journal 126(2), pp. 381-393. (10.1042/bj1260381)
1971
- Turner, G. and Lloyd, D. 1971. The effect of chloramphenicol on growth and mitochondrial function of the ciliate protozoon Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST. Microbiology 67(2), pp. 175--188. (10.1099/00221287-67-2-175)
1970
- Turner, G. and Lloyd, D. 1970. The effect of growth with chloramphenicol on the mitochondria of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST.. Biochemical Journal 116(4), article number: 41P. (10.1042/bj1160041p)
- Lloyd, D., Howells, L. and Cartledge, T. G. 1970. Changes in subcellular distribution of enzymes during respiratory adaptation of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Biochemical Journal 116(4), pp. 25P-25P. (10.1042/bj1160025pa)
- Cartledge, T. G., Howells, L. and Lloyd, D. 1970. Subcellular fractionation of aerobically grown Saccharomyces carlsbergensis by zonal centrifugation.. Biochemical Journal 116(4), pp. 40P-41P. (10.1042/bj1160040pb)
1969
- Bowen, S., Griffiths, A. and Lloyd, D. 1969. Enzyme distributions in an amoeba during encystment.. Biochemical Journal 115(5), pp. 41P. (10.1042/bj1150041Pb)
- Bowen, S. M., Griffiths, A. J. and Lloyd, D. 1969. Enzyme distributions in an amoeba during encystment. Biochemical Journal 115(5), pp. 41P-42P. (10.1042/bj1150041pb)
- Cooper, R. A.et al. 1969. Subcellular fractionation of Polytomella caeca by zonal centrifugation.. Biochemical Journal 114(4), article number: 65P. (10.1042/bj1140065pa)
- Turner, G., Lloyd, D. and Chance, B. 1969. The electron-transport chain of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST. Biochemical Journal 114(4), pp. 91. (10.1042/bj1140091pa)
- Lloyd, D. 1969. The development of organelles concerned with energy production. In: Meadow, P. and Pirt, S. J. eds. Microbial Growth: Nineteenth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, London, 1969., Vol. 19. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 299-332.
- Cartledge, T. G.et al. 1969. Subcellular fractionation of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis by zonal centrifugation.. Biochemical Journal 115(5), pp. 56P-57P. (10.1042/bj1150056pb)
1968
- Brightwell, R.et al. 1968. Subcellular fractionation of Tetrahymena pyriformis by zonal centrifugation: changes in enzyme distributions during the growth cycle.. Biochemical Journal 109(3), pp. 42P. (10.1042/bj1090042pa)
- Lloyd, D. and Griffiths, A. 1968. The isolation of mitochondria from the amoeba Hartmanella castellanii Neff. Experimental Cell Research 51(2-3), pp. 291--300. (10.1016/0014-4827(68)90122-5)
- Klucis, E., Lloyd, D. and Roach, G. 1968. The preparation of rat‐liver mitochondria by conventional differential centrifugation and by zonal Centrifugation, after various disruption procedures: A comparative study. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10(3), pp. 321-330. (10.1002/bit.260100307)
- Lloyd, D. and Chance, B. 1968. Electron transport in mitochondria isolated from the flagellate Polytomella caeca. Biochemical Journal 107(6), pp. 829-837. (10.1042/bj1070829)
- Lloyd, D., Evans, D. A. and Venables, S. A. 1968. Propionate assimilation in the flagellate Polytomella caeca. An inducible mitochondrial enzyme system. Biochemical Journal 109(5), pp. 897-907. (10.1042/bj1090897)
1967
- Lloyd, D. and Brookman, J. 1967. An oxygen electrode reaction vessel. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9(2), pp. 271-272. (10.1002/bit.260090212)
1966
- Lloyd, D. and Venables, S. E. 1966. The regulation of propionate oxidation in Prototheca zopfii. Biochemical Journal 104(2), pp. 639-646. (10.1042/bj1040639)
- Lloyd, D. 1966. Inhibition of electron transport in Prototheca zopfii. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 5(3), pp. 527--530. (10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82168-8)
1965
- Lloyd, D. 1965. The purification and properties of malonic semialdehyde oxidative decarboxylase from Prototheca zopfii.. Biochemical Journal 3, pp. IMPORTED., article number: 766. (10.1042/bj0960766)
- Lloyd, D. and Callely, A. G. 1965. The assimilation of acetate and propionate by Prototheca zopfI. Biochemical Journal 97(1), pp. 176--179. (10.1042/bj0970176)
1964
- Callely, A. G. and Lloyd, D. 1964. The metabolism of propionate in the colourless alga, Prototheca zopfii.. Biochemical Journal 92(2), pp. 338-345. (10.1042/bj0920338)
- Callely, A. and Lloyd, D. 1964. The metabolism of acetate in the colourless alga, Prototheca zopfii.. The Biochemical Journal 90(3), pp. -. (10.1042/bj0900483)
Current research
Biology of the flagellate fish parasite, Spironucleus vortens
In collaboration with , Dr J. Cable, Dr Mike Coogan (Chemistry) and Dr D. Williams (NEEM Biotech).
The control of energy metabolism; oscillations, rhythms and clocks
Studies on the carbon and energy metabolism of colourless algae led to the conclusion that mitochondrial energy generation is as efficient in these organisms as it is in mammalian liver, but in some respects is more versatile. Thus, growth with propionate leads to the induction de novo of a mitochondrial pathway of short chain fatty acid oxidation. In other lower eukaryotes, (protists and yeasts), the development of cyanide-resistant electron transport can provide a functional by-pass of cytochrome c oxidase; we showed that in Acanthamoeba castellanii this mechanism is required for survival in the presence of sulphide, (eg. in water-logged soils). Some unique features of microbial mitochondria were discovered, eg. the anomalous cytochrome a620 of Tetrahymena pyriformis. A variety of other protozoal CO-reacting haemoproteins, previously thought to represent alternative terminal oxidases, were shown not to be functional oxidases, (by high resolution photochemical action spectra obtained using a liquid dye laser). It now seems likely that these pigments are protozoal haemoglobins.
Biogenesis of normal mitochondria in Tetraymena pyriformis was disrupted by growth in the presence of chloramphenicol. As well as becoming respiratory deficient, perturbation of nucleo-cytoplasmic control circuits resulted in the dissociation of coupling between cycles of mitochondrial division and cell division so as to produce large numbers of very small mitochondria per organism. Investigation of this relationship using cultures showing synchronous growth and division led to the discovery of oscillatory energy metabolism in a variety of yeasts and protists. The discovery of in vivo mitochondrial respiratory control introduced a new concept, that of energy generation and utilization as a pair of oscillatory subsystems coupled by the adenine nucleotides. Thus, mitochondrial electron transport and energy production, acts as an enslaved system; its slow dynamics, (cycling between alternating energized and de-energized states, eg. once every 90 minutes in A. castellanii) is determined by the periodic demands of cellular biosynthesis. This model, (periodic turnover), first emphasized the importance of degradative phases of protein turnover, in a rapidly growing organism, an heretical viewpoint at a time when growth control was thought to be entirely mediated by synthetic processes. Recent recognition of the widespread and pervasive importance, both of oscillatory cellular dynamics and of proteolysis, confirm these early discoveries. That these oscillators have temperature-compensated periods led to the exciting observation that they are governed by a cellular clock. Thus, through studying the "epigenetic" oscillations, we had been led to the discovery of a device analogous with the circadian clock responsible for biological timekeeping on a daily basis. The ultradian clock, (so-called because of its higher than daily frequencies), has a period of about an hour. We have now shown that this clock operates in ten different species of lower eukaryotes, (and also that in each, this clock has a characteristic period indicating its genetic basis). There is now growing evidence for the ultradian clock in mammalian cells. Whereas the circadian clock is necessary for synchronization of the organism with its periodic environment, the ultradian clock is concerned with intracellular co-ordination. It has many outputs, but one of its most important functions is in timekeeping for convergent processes required for successful completion of the cell division cycle. The ultradian clock can "gate" cell division to give incremental increases in doubling times, (quantization of cell cycle times), as temperature is reduced. Work with the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has recently shown that the ultradian clock modulates the passage of cells from G2 into mitosis at the cdc 2 control network. We have formulated a mathematical model whereby mitotic oscillator and ultradian clock interact and which can explain observed dispersion and quantization of cell division times. We have shown that for certain parameter values, the model gives physiologically realistic chaotic (deterministic) solutions. This demonstration helps reconcile the long-standing controversy of the probabilistic versus deterministic nature of cell cycle controls. An extension of these ideas has led to the concept of the organism as a self-tuneable multi-oscillator in which optimization of function is achieved by self-adaptation. A plausible basis for these principles comes from recent demonstrations of the advantages of controlled chaos and consequent emergent properties in a number of different physical and chemical systems.
Since 1998 we have studied continuous aerobic cultures of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) growing under controlled conditions that lead to spontaneous self-organization to a highly synchronized state (800ml, 10 9 organisms per ml). Continuous non-invasive monitoring of respiration and H2S production (membrane inlet mass spectrometry) and intracellular redox state (NAD(P)H fluorescence) minute by minute for periods of months provides outputs. Discrete time samples are used for high-throughput transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolome analyses. A short period (~40min) ultradian clock provides the timebase for a massively-connected intracellular network that involves not only the reactions of central metabolism but also transcription, biosyntheses, organelle assembly, ribosome assembly, and macromolecular turnover. Timekeeping for the cell division cycle is also based on the ultradian clock. Cell-cell interactions necessary for population synchrony and the coherence of behaviour in biofilms involves H2S and acetaldehyde production, also under the control of the 40 min. clock. Temporal separation of H2S production and oxidation between cytosol and mitochondria echoes the ancestral origin of eukaryotic evolution that involved symbiotic liaison between Archeon and respiratory efficient bacterium.
The operation of a tuneable chaotic attractor has been observed directly in this system by three independent experimental approaches. Thus (i) period doubling in the respiratory rhythm results from perturbation with an A-type monamine oxidase inhibitor (phenelezine), (ii) stepwise lowering of culture pH, (iii)continuous monitoring of dissolved O2, CO2 and H2S in the culture over a period of 3 months (40,000 data points). These results provide the first unequivocal experimental demonstration of chaotic control in a microbiological system at a whole cell level.
Microbial physiology and ecology : New insights from mass spectrometric and other physical methods
The other major thrust of my research has been to introduce microbiologists to the advantages provided by non-invasive physical methods for studies of microbial physiology in laboratory cultures and in the natural environment. I have made extensive use of different physical techniques in conjunction or in combination. Examples are given of far-reaching significance in (a) Biomedical and pharmaceutical, and (b) Agricultural sciences, as well as in (c) Global ecology.
Several different combined methods have been devised; these include spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, bioluminescence, electron spin resonance, or 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, combined with membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) for the measurement of gases in solution. MIMS itself has proved an extremely powerful tool and has led to several new discoveries: it provides the ideal probe, (sensitive, specific, rapid, multi-species monitoring with continuous readout, etc.,).
Biomedical and pharmaceutical research
Simultaneous measurement of H2, CO2 and O2 in suspensions of the most common human parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis, together with consideration of its natural environment, has redefined this organism as a CO2-requiring microaerophile. ESR measurements of intracellular metronidazole radical anions, have established that metronidazole resistance occurs by radical quenching in strains incompetent at scavenging O2. Drug resistance in another important parasitic protozoan, Giardia lamblia, cannot be explained by this mechanism, as the electron transport chain is located in the plasma membrane and several redox components including the ferredoxin are different from those of trichomonads.
Flow cytometry has enabled studies of bacterial population heterogeneity (eg. the rapid discrimination of antibiotic-sensitive and resistant individuals in bacterial populations by using non-toxic membrane voltage-sensitive dyes, (eg. various oxonols). This demonstration now progresses towards a rapid and generally useful diagnostic test for clinical microbiologists.
Agricultural research
Combined simultaneous monitoring of bacterial denitrification products, (N2 and N2O) with O2, has led to the discovery of aerobic denitrification as widespread phenomenon; diversion of this process so as to minimize the production of the greenhouse gas N2O is an important, but neglected topic.
We have used MIMS to monitor gases, (H2, CH4, CO2, O2), dissolved in rumen fluid in situ in fistulated sheep and goats; episodic appearance of low concentrations of O2 during intervals of starvation between feeds has profound effects, (decreased methanogenesis; increased H2). Using purified suspensions of single protozoal species, we have been able to determine the functions of the protozoa, (accounting for about a half of the biomass). Thus, we showed that Dasytricha ruminantium and at least eight other species have hydrogenosomes, organelles with a flavoprotein-iron sulphur electron transport chain specially adapted to produce H2 and to scavenge O2. 13C-nmr demonstrated that individual species have important metabolic differences, and that traces of O2 and high ambient CO2 concentrations control the balances of carbon fluxes. These findings could be related to results with crude rumen fluid and enable the conclusion that the protozoa are responsible for half of the O2 scavenging in the rumen, (approximately equal to the contribution of the rumen bacteria). In all this work, MIMS played a central part; there is as great an interest in reducing methanogenic carbon loss from the rumen ecosystem as of reducing sources of atmospheric methane.
Measurement by MIMS of H2, a key intermediate, (anaerobic interspecies H2 transfer), has enabled automatic control of laboratory-scale anaerobic digestion of farm wastes.
Global ecological research
We are currently investigating control of methanogenesis and fermentation in peatlands. A mass spectrometer microprobe enables detailed determinations of gas profiles, (CH4, CO2, O2), as well as measurement of fluxes into the atmosphere. We have been astonished by the temperature sensitivity of the system, (Q10 values up to 3), and by the discovery that even in the middle of the Scottish winter, and where plant diversity is limited to grasses, sedges and heathers, the most active portion of the ecosystem, (the surface and layers down to 25 cm), is plant- rather than microbe-driven. Photosynthetically-produced root exudates are rapidly utilized by fermentative and methanogenic organisms. This is evident from the diurnal enhancement of fluxes of both CO2 and CH4 in the light and circadian control of CO2 concentrations down to 25 cm depth.
Land-atmosphere exchanges have been studied along a transect from NE Greenland, over Iceland, N. Sweden, N. Finland to W. Siberia. Soil temperature is the best predictor of CH4 emissions on the large scale. The influence of vascular plants is highly species specific. The region is a net source of greenhouse gas emission throughout the year, despite strong mid-summer uptake of CO2. A recent study indicates diurnal cycling of soil gases (O2, CO2, CH4 and N2).
Grants
Work supported by EU Funding, NERC, BBSRC, Wellcome, The Royal Society
Collaborations
- University of Pennsylvania, 1967; 1969; 1971; 1975; 1978; 1979;
- Rockefeller University 1978: Odense University 1977; 1978; 1980; 1981; 1983; 1986; 1990; 1994; 1996;
- Soviet Academy of Science 1979: Moscow State University 1979;
- INRA, Bordeaux 1984;
- ATOMKI, Debrecen 1984;
- Harvard 1986;
- TATA Institute for Fundamental Research, Bombay 1989; 1991; 1993; 1995; 1997; 1998;
- University of Kebansang, Kuala Lumpur 1989;
- University of New South Wales, Sydney 1997;
- National Institute for Biosciences/Human Technology, Tsukuba Science City 1997; 1998;
- INTECH, Buenos Aires 1998; Sabbatical at University of New South Wales 1999;
- Johns Hopkins Medical School, Molecular Cardiobiology, Baltimore 2002 to present.
Industrial collaboration with more than 50 companies and institutes.
Associates
Professor Marc Roussel (on sabbatical leave from Lethbridge, Alberta) used membrane inlet mass spectrometry to reveal the strange attractor that underlies the respiratory dynamics of yeast in continuous culture. This required simultaneous monitoring of dissolved H2S, CO2 and O2; 40,000 points at 15s intervals were acquired in a 3 month continuous culture experiment. This is the first unequivocal demonstration of chaotic control in a biological system at whole cell level.
Dr Katey Lemar established mechanisms for the anti-candidal properties of selected garlic components, diallyldisulphide and allyl alcohol produce apoptotic cell death in this organism without being too toxic to humans. This affords a new way of tackling antibiotic resistance; there are no reported incidents of microorganisms becoming resistant to the garlic compounds.

Photo of David Lloyd and his Associates
Recent former associates
Dr Stefanie Scheerer and Dr Francisco Gomez have established a stable continuous culture of Photobacterium fisheri. This can be used as an on-line monitor for toxic compounds (e.g. biocides) in environmental samples including water supplies. Miniaturization will lead to the development of personal protection systems. Effects of microwaves were studied.
Dr. Simon Cottrell showed that freeze dried garlic powder is toxic to MRSA, and that synergistic affects in combination with oxycillin may provide a new chemotherapeutic strategy.
Dr Victoria Gray has shown that the morphology of Salmonella typhimurium and poona species is continually dependent on the tyrosine content of the growth medium. Various sources of the peptone used in the complex diagnostic media may be quite unsuitable on account of their tyrosine deficiency. Aflagellate organisms, unrecognisable as the pathogen, result if the medium is unsuitable.
Dr Kristina Harris investigated the effects of difluoro methylornithine on the growth, structure and function of Trichomonas vaginalis. Defective hydrogenosemes are one consequence of this ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor.
Dr Jonathan Wood investigated the application of garlic as an antibacterial specifically against MRSA. Resolution of effects required separation of the main toxic constituents; synergy with penicillin derivatives was researched.
Dr Coralie Millet investigated protozoal fish parasites Hexamita and Spironucleus spp. Market for viticulture of aquarium fish is $7b/an. Pathogenicity and invasiveness; biodiversity was studied and compared with that of free living species.