Yr Athro Wouter Poortinga

2021

• Poortinga, W.et al. 2021. The role of perceived public and private green space in subjective health and wellbeing during and after the first peak of the COVID-19 outbreak. Landscape and Urban Planning 211, article number: 104092. (10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104092)
• Sonnberger, M.et al. 2021. Climate concerned but anti-nuclear: exploring (dis)approval of nuclear energy in four European countries. Energy Research and Social Science 75, article number: 102008. (10.1016/j.erss.2021.102008)

2020

• Mouratidis, K. and Poortinga, W. 2020. Built environment, urban vitality and social cohesion: Do vibrant neighborhoods foster strong communities?. Landscape and Urban Planning 204, article number: 103951. (10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103951)
• Wolstenholme, E., Poortinga, W. and Whitmarsh, L. 2020. Two birds, one stone: the effectiveness of health and environmental messages to reduce meat consumption and encourage pro-environmental behavioural spillover. Frontiers in Psychology 11, article number: 577111. (10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577111)
• Verschoor, M.et al. 2020. Exploring relationships between climate change beliefs and energy preferences: a network analysis of the European Social Survey. Journal of Environmental Psychology 70, article number: 101435. (10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101435)
• Gregersen, T.et al. 2020. Political orientation moderates the relationship between climate change beliefs and worry about climate change. Frontiers in Psychology 11, article number: 1573. (10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01573)
• Bouman, T.et al. 2020. When worry about climate change leads to climate action: how values, worry and personal responsibility relate to various climate actions. Global Environmental Change 62, article number: 102061. (10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102061)
• Wahl-Jorgensen, K.et al. 2020. Advice for journalists covering Covid-19: Welsh NHS confederation. Documentation. Cardiff: School of Journalism, Media and Culture, Cardiff University.
• Milfont, T. L., Poortinga, W. and Sibley, C. G. 2020. Does having children increase environmental concern? Testing parenthood effects with longitudinal data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study. PLoS ONE 15(3) (10.1371/journal.pone.0230361)

2019

• Bertoldo, R.et al. 2019. Scientific truth or debate: On the link between perceived scientific consensus and belief in anthropogenic climate change. Public Understanding of Science 28(7), pp. 778-796. (10.1177/0963662519865448)
• Poortinga, W., Nash, N. and Hoeijmakers, L. 2019. Rapid review of charging for disposable coffee cups and other waste minimisation measure. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. Available at: https://www.gov.scot/publications/report-expert-panel-environmental-charging-measures-epecom-recommendations-single-use-disposable-beverage-cups-july-2019/pages/8/
• Poortinga, W. 2019. Health and social outcomes of housing policies to alleviate fuel poverty. In: Fabbri, K. ed. Urban Fuel Poverty. Academic Press, pp. 239-258., (10.1016/B978-0-12-816952-0.00010-7)
• Umit, R.et al. 2019. The role of income in energy efficiency and curtailment behaviours: Findings from 22 European countries. Energy Research and Social Science 53, pp. 206-214. (10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.025)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2019. Climate change perceptions and their individual-level determinants: A cross-European analysis. Global Environmental Change 55, pp. 25-35. (10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.01.007)
• Thomas, G. O.et al. 2019. The English plastic bag charge changed behaviour and increased support for other charges to reduce plastic waste. Frontiers in Psychology 10, article number: 266. (10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00266)
• Capstick, S.et al. 2019. CAST Briefing Paper 02: Public opinion in a time of climate emergency. Working paper. Cardiff: Cardiff University. Available at: https://cast.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CAST-Briefing-02-Public-opinion-in-a-time-of-climate-emergency-1.pdf

2018

• Demski, C.et al. 2018. National context is a key determinant of energy security concerns across Europe. Nature Energy 3, pp. 882-888. (10.1038/s41560-018-0235-8)
• Rodgers, S. E.et al. 2018. Emergency hospital admissions associated with a non-randomised housing intervention meeting national housing quality standards: a longitudinal data linkage study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72(10), pp. 896-903. (10.1136/jech-2017-210370)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2018. European attitudes to climate change and energy. Topline results from Round 8 of the European Social Survey. European Social Survey ERIC. Available at: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/findings/ESS8_toplines_issue_9_climatechange.pdf
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2018. Impacts of energy-efficiency investments on internal conditions in low-income households. Building Research and Information 46(6), pp. 653-667. (10.1080/09613218.2017.1314641)
• Rodgers, S. E.et al. 2018. Health impact, and economic value, of meeting housing quality standards: a retrospective longitudinal data linkage study. Public Health Research 6(8), pp. 1-104. (10.3310/phr06080)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2018. The health impacts of energy performance investments in low-income areas: a mixed-methods approach. Public Health Research 6(5), pp. 1-182. (10.3310/phr06050)
• Poortinga, W. and Whitaker, L. 2018. Promoting the use of reusable coffee cups through environmental messaging, the provision of alternatives and financial incentives. Sustainability 10(3), article number: 873. (10.3390/su10030873)
• Thomas, G. O.et al. 2018. The impact of parenthood on environmental attitudes and behaviour: a longitudinal investigation of the legacy hypothesis. Population and Environment 39(3), pp. 261-276. (10.1007/s11111-017-0291-1)
• Fisher, S., Fitzgerald, R. and Poortinga, W. 2018. Climate change: social divisions in beliefs and behaviour. In: Curtice, J. et al. eds. British Social Attitudes: The 35th Report. London: The National Centre for Social Research, pp. 1-26.

2017

• Poortinga, W.et al. 2017. Social and health outcomes following upgrades to a national housing standard: a multilevel analysis of a five-wave repeated cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health 17, article number: 927. (10.1186/s12889-017-4928-x)
• Nash, N.et al. 2017. Climate-relevant behavioural spillover and the potential contribution of social practice theory. WIREs Climate Change 8(6), article number: e481. (10.1002/wcc.481)
• Grey, C. N. B.et al. 2017. Cold homes, fuel poverty and energy efficiency improvements: A longitudinal focus group approach. Indoor and Built Environment 26(7), pp. 902-913. (10.1177/1420326X17703450)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2017. Neighborhood quality and attachment: Validation of the Revised Residential Environment Assessment Tool. Environment and Behavior 49(3), pp. 255-282. (10.1177/0013916516634403)
• Grey, C. N. B.et al. 2017. The short-term health and psychosocial impacts of domestic energy efficiency investments in low-income areas: a controlled before and after study. BMC Public Health 17(1), article number: 140. (10.1186/s12889-017-4075-4)
• Corner, A. J.et al. 2017. European Perceptions of Climate Change (EPCC): six recommendations for public engagement. Project Report. Oxford: Climate Outreach.
• Steentjes, K.et al. 2017. European Perceptions of Climate Change (EPCC): Topline findings of a survey conducted in four European countries in 2016. Project Report. Cardiff: Cardiff University.
• Poortinga, W. 2017. Results of a field experiment to reduce coffee cup waste. Project Report. Cardiff: Welsh School of Architecture & School of Psychology, Cardiff University.

2016

• Poortinga, W.et al. 2016. Short-term health and social impacts of energy-efficiency investments in low-income communities: a controlled field study. The Lancet 388(S2), pp. S96-S96. (10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32332-7)
• Rodgers, S. E.et al. 2016. Effects of national housing quality standards on hospital emergency admissions: a quasi-experiment using data-linkage. The Lancet 388(Supp 2), pp. S3. (10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32239-5)
• Thomas, G. O., Poortinga, W. and Sautkina, E. 2016. The Welsh Single-Use Carrier Bag Charge and behavioural spillover. Journal of Environmental Psychology 47, pp. 126-135. (10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.05.008)
• Jones, N.et al. 2016. The effect of a housing intervention on the quality of the neighbourhood environment. Working paper. Cardiff: Welsh School of Architecture. Available at: http://sites.cardiff.ac.uk/architecture/research/working-paper-series/
• Thomas, G. O., Poortinga, W. and Sautkina, E. 2016. Habit discontinuity, self-activation, and the diminishing influence of context change: evidence from the UK understanding society survey. PLoS ONE 11(4), article number: e0153490. (10.1371/journal.pone.0153490)
• Poortinga, W. and Darnton, A. 2016. Segmenting for sustainability: The development of a sustainability segmentation model from a Welsh sample. Journal of Environmental Psychology 45, pp. 221-232. (10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.01.009)
• Arnold, A.et al. 2016. Socio-political profiles to inform a cross-national survey in France, Germany, Norway and the UK.. Project Report. [Online]. Oxford: Climate Outreach. Available at: http://climateoutreach.org/resources/european-perceptions
• Suffolk, C. and Poortinga, W. 2016. Behavioural changes after energy efficiency improvements in residential properties. In: Santarius, T., Walnum, H. J. and Aall, C. eds. Rethinking Climate and Energy Policies. New Perspectives on the Rebound Phenomenon. Springer, pp. 121-142.
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2016. The English plastic bag charge: Changes in attitudes and behaviour. Project Report. Welsh School of Architecture, School of Psychology, Cardiff University.

2015

• Fenenga, C. J.et al. 2015. Social capital and active membership in the Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme - a mixed method study. International Journal for Equity in Health 14(1), article number: 118. (10.1186/s12939-015-0239-y)

2014

• Capstick, S. B.et al. 2014. International trends in public perceptions of climate change over the past quarter century. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6(1), pp. 35-61. (10.1002/wcc.321)
• Demski, C. C., Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2014. Exploring public perceptions of energy security risks in the UK. Energy Policy 66, pp. 369-378. (10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.079)
• Rodgers, S. E.et al. 2014. Cohort Profile: The housing regeneration and health study. International Journal of Epidemiology 43(1), pp. 52-60. (10.1093/ije/dys200)
• Bird, D. K.et al. 2014. Nuclear power in Australia: A comparative analysis of public opinion regarding climate change and the Fukushima disaster. Energy Policy 65, pp. 644-653. (10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.047)
• Marshall, G.et al. 2014. Sustainable development narratives for Wales: a framework for communications. Project Report. [Online]. Welsh Government. Available at: http://wales.gov.uk/docs/dsjlg/publications/140206-sus-dev-narratives.pdf

2013

• de Groot, J. I. M., Steg, L. and Poortinga, W. 2013. Values, perceived risks and benefits, and acceptability of nuclear energy. Risk Analysis 33(2), pp. 307-317. (10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01845.x)
• Poortinga, W., Aoyagi, M. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2013. Public perceptions of climate change and energy futures before and after the Fukushima accident: A comparison between Britain and Japan. Energy Policy 62, pp. 1204-1211. (10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.015)
• Poortinga, W. and Aoyagi, M. 2013. Public perceptions of climate change and energy futures before and after the Fukushima accident. Working paper. Cardiff: Welsh School of Architecture. Available at: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/archi/images/working%20papers/WSA%20Working%20Paper%2001-2013.pdf
• Poortinga, W., Whitmarsh, L. E. and Suffolk, C. 2013. The introduction of a single-use carrier bag charge in Wales: Attitude change and behavioural spillover effects. Journal of Environmental Psychology 36, pp. 240-247. (10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.09.001)

2012

• Poortinga, W., Whitmarsh, L. E. and Suffolk, C. 2012. The introduction of a single-use carrier bag charge in Wales: attitude change and behavioural spillover effects. Working paper. Cardiff: Welsh School of Architecture.
• Pidgeon, N. F.et al. 2012. Exploring early public responses to geoengineering. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences 370(1974), pp. 4176-4196. (10.1098/rsta.2012.0099)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2012. Individual-motivational factors in the acceptability of demand-side and supply-side measures to reduce carbon emissions. Energy Policy 48, pp. 812-819. (10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.029)
• Spence, A., Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2012. The psychological distance of climate change. Risk Analysis 32(6), pp. 957-972. (10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01695.x)
• Poortinga, W. 2012. Community resilience and health: The role of bonding, bridging, and linking aspects of social capital. Health & Place 18(2), pp. 286-295. (10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.017)

2011

• Poortinga, W.et al. 2011. Uncertain climate: An investigation into public scepticism about anthropogenic climate change. Global Environmental Change 21(3), pp. 1015-1024. (10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.001)
• Spence, A.et al. 2011. Perceptions of climate change and willingness to save energy related to flood experience. Nature Climate Change 1(1), pp. 46-49. (10.1038/nclimate1059)
• Whitmarsh, L. E.et al. 2011. Public attitudes, understanding, and engagement in relation to low-carbon energy. A selective review of academic and non-academic literatures : report for RCUK Energy Programme. Project Report. [Online]. Research Councils UK. Available at: http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/RCUK-prod/assets/documents/energy/EnergySynthesisFINAL20110124.pdf
• Van Woerden, H. C.et al. 2011. The relationship of different sources of social support and civic participation with self-rated health. Journal of Public Mental Health 10(3), pp. 126-139. (10.1108/17465721111175010)
• Corner, A. J.et al. 2011. Nuclear power, climate change and energy security: Exploring British public attitudes. Energy Policy 39(9), pp. 4823-4833. (10.1016/j.enpol.2011.06.037)
• Parag, Y., Capstick, S. B. and Poortinga, W. 2011. Policy attribute framing: A comparison between three policy instruments for personal emissions reduction. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 30(4), pp. 889-905. (10.1002/pam.20610)
• Poortinga, W., Bronstering, K. and Lannon, S. C. 2011. Awareness and Perceptions of the Risks of Exposure to Indoor Radon: A Population-Based Approach to Evaluate a Radon Awareness and Testing Campaign in England and Wales. Risk Analysis 31(11), pp. 1800-1812. (10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01613.x)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2011. Neighborhood environment, physical activity and obesity. In: Nriagu, J. O. ed. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health., Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 44-53., (10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00425-6)
• Van Woerden, H. C.et al. 2011. The relationship of different sources of social support and civic participation with self-rated health. Journal of Public Mental Health 10(3), pp. 126-139. (10.1108/17465721111175010)

2010

• Spence, A. A.et al. 2010. Public perceptions of energy choices: the influence of beliefs about climate change and the environment. Energy and Environment 21(5), pp. 385-407. (10.1260/0958-305X.21.5.385)

2009

• Tompkins, E. L., Hurlston, L. and Poortinga, W. 2009. Foreignness as a constraint on learning: The impact of migrants on disaster resilience in small islands. Environmental Hazards: human and policy dimensions 8(4), pp. 263-277. (10.3763/ehaz.2009.0018)

2008

• Rowe, G.et al. 2008. Analysis of a normative framework for evaluating public engagement exercises: reliability, validity and limitations. Public Understanding of Science 17(4), pp. 419-441. (10.1177/0963662506075351)
• Poortinga, W., Dunstan, F. D. J. and Fone, D. L. 2008. Neighbourhood deprivation and self-rated health: The role of perceptions of the neighbourhood and of housing problems. Health & Place 14(3), pp. 562-575. (10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.10.003)
• Bickerstaff, K.et al. 2008. Reframing nuclear power in the UK energy debate: nuclear power, climate change mitigation and radioactive waste. Public Understanding of Science 17(2), pp. 145-169. (10.1177/0963662506066719)
• Poortinga, W., Dunstan, F. D. J. and Fone, D. L. 2008. Health locus of control beliefs and socio-economic differences in self-rated health. Preventive Medicine 46(4), pp. 374-380. (10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.015)
• Pidgeon, N. F., Lorenzoni, I. and Poortinga, W. 2008. Climate change or nuclear power - No thanks! A quantitative study of public perceptions and risk framing in Britain. Global Environmental Change 18(1), pp. 69-85. (10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.005)
• Poortinga, W., Cox, P. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2008. The perceived health risks of indoor radon gas and overhead powerlines: A comparative multilevel approach. Risk Analysis 28(1), pp. 235-248. (10.1111/j.1539-6924.2008.01015.x)

2007

• Poortinga, W., Dunstan, F. D. J. and Fone, D. L. 2007. Perceptions of the neighbourhood environment and self rated health: a multilevel analysis of the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Study. BMC Public Health 7, article number: 285. (10.1186/1471-2458-7-285)
• Poortinga, W. 2007. Associations of physical activity with smoking and alcohol consumption: A sport or occupation effect?. Preventive Medicine 45(1), pp. 66-70. (10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.04.013)
• Poortinga, W. 2007. The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in an English adult population. Preventive Medicine 44(2), pp. 124-128. (10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.10.006)
• Horlick-Jones, T. E.et al. 2007. The GM debate: risk, politics and public engagement. Genetics and Society. London: Routledge.
• Horlick-Jones, T. E.et al. 2007. The GM debate: risk, politics and public engagement. Routledge.
• Pidgeon, N. F., Poortinga, W. and Walls, J. 2007. Scepticism, reliance and risk managing institutions: towards a conceptual model of 'critical trust'. In: Siegrist, M., Earle, T. C. and Gutscher, H. eds. Trust in Cooperative Risk Management: Uncertainty and Scepticism in the Public Mind. The Earthscan Risk in Society Series London: Earthscan, pp. 117-142.
• Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2007. Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology in Britain: the case of GM food. In: Brossard, D., Shanahan, J. and Nesbitt, C. eds. The Public, the Media and Agricultural Biotechnology. Cambridge, MA: CABI Publishing, pp. 21-56.

2006

• Poortinga, W. 2006. Perceptions of the environment, physical activity, and obesity. Social Science and Medicine 63(11), pp. 2835-2846. (10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.07.018)
• Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2006. Exploring the structure of attitudes toward genetically modified food. Risk Analysis 26(6), pp. 1707-1719. (10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00828.x)
• Poortinga, W. 2006. Do health behaviors mediate the association between social capital and health?. Preventive Medicine 43(6), pp. 488-493. (10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.06.004)
• Horlick-Jones, T. E.et al. 2006. On evaluating the GM Nation? Public debate about the commercialisation of transgenic crops in Britain. New Genetics and Society 25(3), pp. 265-288. (10.1080/14636770601032858)
• Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2006. Prior attitudes, salient value similarity, and dimensionality: Toward an integrative model of trust in risk regulation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36(7), pp. 1674-1700. (10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00076.x)
• Lorenzoni, I.et al. 2006. Cross-national comparisons of image associations with "global warming" and "climate change" among laypeople in the United States of America and Great Britain. Journal of Risk Research 9(3), pp. 265-281. (10.1080/13669870600613658)
• Rowe, G., Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2006. A comparison of responses to Internet and postal surveys in a public engagement context. Science Communication 27(3), pp. 352-375. (10.1177/1075547005284668)
• Poortinga, W. 2006. Social relations or social capital? Individual and community health effects of bonding social capital. Social Science & Medicine 63(1), pp. 255-270. (10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.11.039)
• Poortinga, W. 2006. Social capital: An individual or collective resource for health?. Social Science & Medicine 62(2), pp. 292-302. (10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.008)
• Pidgeon, N. F. and Poortinga, W. 2006. British public attitudes to agricultural biotechnology and the 2003 GM nation? Public debate: distrust, ambivalence and risk. In: Glasner, P., Atkinson, P. and Greenslade, H. eds. New Genetics, New Social Formations. Genetics and Society New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 10-36.
• Poortinga, W., Pidgeon, N. F. and Lorenzoni, I. 2006. Public perceptions of nuclear power, climate change and energy options in Britain: Summary findings of a survey conducted during october and november 2005. Technical Report.

2005

• Poortinga, W. 2005. The use of multi-level modelling in risk research. A secondary analysis of a study of public perceptions of genetically modified food. Journal of Risk Research 8(7-8), pp. 583-597. (10.1080/1366987042000310677)
• Pidgeon, N. F.et al. 2005. Using surveys in public participation processes for risk decision-making: the case of the 2003 British GM Nation? Public Debate. Risk Analysis 25(2), pp. 467-479. (10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00603.x)
• Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2005. Trust in risk regulation: cause or consequence of the acceptability of GM food?. Risk Analysis 25(1), pp. 199-209. (10.1111/j.0272-4332.2005.00579.x)
• Poortinga, W. 2005. Vertrouwen en de perceptie van technologische risico's. In: Pieterman, R., Dekker, P. and Elffers, H. eds. Veiligheid, Vertrouwen en Good Governance. Den Haag: Elsevier

2004

• Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2004. Trust, the asymmetry principle, and the role of prior beliefs. Risk Analysis 24(6), pp. 1475-1486. (10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00543.x)
• Poortinga, W., Steg, L. and Vlek, C. 2004. Values, environmental concern and environmentally significant behaviour: a study into household energy use. Environment & Behavior 36(1), pp. 70-93. (10.1177/0013916503251466)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2004. The British 2001 Foot and Mouth crisis: a comparative study of public risk perceptions, trust and beliefs about government policy in two communities. Journal of Risk Research 7(1), pp. 73-90. (10.1080/1366987042000151205)

2003

• Poortinga, W. and Pidgeon, N. F. 2003. Exploring the dimensionality of trust in risk regulation. Risk Analysis 23(5), pp. 961-972. (10.1111/1539-6924.00373)
• Poortinga, W.et al. 2003. Household preferences for energy-saving measures: A conjoint analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology 24(1), pp. 49-64. (10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00154-X)

2002

• Poortinga, W., Steg, L. and Vlek, C. 2002. Environmental risk concern and preferences for energy-saving measures. Environment & Behavior 34(4), pp. 455-478. (10.1177/00116502034004003)
• Poortinga, W. and Steg, L. 2002. Viable behavioural and technological energy-saving measures. Milieu: Tijdschrift voor Milieukunde 17(3), pp. 123-135.
• Poortinga, W. and Dekker, P. 2002. Voedselveiligheid: een kwestie van vertrouwen? [Food safety: a matter of trust?]. In: Bronner, A. E. et al. eds. Recente Ontwikkelingen in het Marktonderzoek: Jaarboek 2002. Haarlem, Netherlands: De Vrieseborch, pp. 157-171.
• Poortinga, W., Steg, L. and Vlek, C. 2002. Myths of nature and environmental management strategies: A field study on energy reductions in traffic and transport. Presented at: 16th International Association for People-Environment Studies, Paris, France, July 2000 Presented at Moser, G. et al. eds.People, Places, and Sustainability. Göttingen: Hogrefe & Huber pp. 280-290.

2001

• Hendrickx, L., Poortinga, W. and van der Kooij, R. 2001. Temporal factors in resource dilemmas. Acta Psychologica 108(2), pp. 137-154. (10.1016/S0001-6918(01)00032-4)